Good Sites For King Arthur :: Web Internet Essays

Good Sites For King ArthurThe key to finding useful knowledge on the Web is to know which websites are the most useful and informative. The best work that domiciliate information on the King Arthur legends are King Arthur at http//www.britannia.com/history/h12.html, Explorations in the History and Legends of Arthur at http//www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4186/Arthur/htmlpages/kingartur.html , and The Camelot Project at http//www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm. These websites are among the best. They offer biographies on the Arthurian characters, full texts on some of the legends and information analyzing the characters of Arthur from historical and legendary points of view. The King Arthur page at http// www.britannia.com/history/h12.html, is a good semen to discover some truths about Arthur and his existence. The site asks was Arthur a king, a general or just a myth? In addition to historical information about the fifth century, the site includes, in the Arthurian chronolog y, information about the legends of Arthur that has developed in literature that has been written through the years. It also includes biographies of characters in the Arthurian legends. In addition, this site offers links to outside sources about King Arthur and his legends.One such link is the Explorations in the History and Legends of Arthur at http//www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/4186/Arthur/htmlpages/kingarthur.html, which is one of the best sources on Arthur because it explores both the popular and scholarly conceptions of King Arthur and his legends. For example, it answers frequently asked questions in historical and legendary contexts. Some of the questions that is asks are was Guinevere really an adulteress? Was Excalibur, a sword, really in the stone? Was Gawain a great knight or a royal pain? It is very informative about Sir Gawain and the Green Knight oblation a full text and a character analysis of Gawain. Lastly, it offers biographies on every single character in the A rthurian history and legends under the links called The community of the History and The People of the Legends.Another source of exceptional information about Arthurian Legends is The Camelot Project at http//www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/cphome.stm, which is a comprehensive reference site offering original texts, images, bibliographies and basic information. The Main Menu lists Arthurian characters, symbols, and sites. Students may move from any of the highlighted elements to a sub-menu of basic information, complete texts, images, and a bibliography about that subject. For example, choosing the highlighted word Gawain get out lead the viewer to a list of texts written about Sir Gawain such as The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and many more.

Educating Rita - Love Story :: Free Essay Writer

Educating Rita - Love StoryTo answer the question whether or not Willy Russell actually wrote a love allegory as he intended to do, I consider certain aspects. I find two totally different main characters in crude(a) and Rita and accordingly will be dealing with completely different ways of behaviour and reaction. By interpreting their statements and actions it might be possible to find some build of conclusion. To begin with it is possible to say that Educating Rita does not seem to be a love story in a common sense. Nevertheless there argon signs that Frank becomes more and more interested in Rita and her fate. She has got a refreshing effect on him, which is caused by her naivety, enthusiasm and very own way of talk just about and experiencing literature. In act 1, scene 2 he tells her how much he wished she had walked in twenty years before. Especially at the beginning of their fellowship Rita is used to telling him almost everything about her life, very much so about priv ate matters. But as she becomes more educated and changes her feelings towards literature, which becomes less authorised for her, Frank almost starts insisting on knowing everything about her situation. In scene 8 she is late for the lesson, because she has just been thrown out by her husband, and Frank is very much concerned about her and her situation. But Rita is much more concerned about her Macbeth essay and is rather interested in Franks opinion on it than in anything else. What she expects from Frank is criticism and support, whereas he wants to be allowed in taking part in her life. This scene already shows how different their intentions are. some other signs of Franks feelings towards Rita are given in scene 2 of act . She has been late for the lesson and Frank realizes that she changed her way of talking, is trying to talk and act in a more sophisticated manner. He is shocked by this development. There is also a touch of jealousy in this scene. Rita has been telling him about her intercourse with other students particularly with one of them named Tyson/Tiger. Frank Is there any point in working towards an examination if you are going to fall in love. (...) whole right, but please stop burbling on about Mr Tyson. Another time he is deeply hurt when he finds out that Rita had changed her job without having told him anything about it (Act 2, Scene 4).

Illusion of Love in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay

Illusion of Love in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights romance The bid A Midsummer Nights Dream is centered around bows that are seemingly apparent and clear those of true love, false love, loves blindness and the inconstancy of love. However, this chemical formula of the themes of love dissipate to reveal that these themes are only apparent to the reader who wants them to exist. We want Lysander and Hermia to be in love we want Demetrius to love Helena as she loves him, but the question arises as to whether these lovers are actually in love. Is Shakespeare providing us with a wholesome tale of true love or is he impartation something more raw, more provocative than that? When taking a closer look at this play, one sees a recurring pattern and another common theme - that of lust and knowledgeableity. The love theme in this play is but an illusion, the reality is that this play is centered around sex and desire.A common focus in A Midsummer Nights Dream is that of eyes and band. The words eye, sight, and see occur a total of one hundred seventeen times by dint of with(predicate)out the play (Berry). One may suggest that this eye imagery conveys the theme of love more strongly as love is blind or that love enters through the eyes (Vaughn, 73). However, the eyes are based on the physical world love is not based on sight alone. The physicality of Shakespeares use of sight is a direct consequence of lust. One does not love with their eyes, one loves with ones heart and mind one desires with ones eyes. Similarly, the physicality of the play is also maintained through the constant profession of physical beauty. Helena laments that she wishes she looked like HermiaO, teach me how you look, and with what art,You sway the motion of Demetr... ...xual undertones and reminds us that often lust and sexual attraction are understand as true love and, as humans, we often comply with this illusion of true love and happiness rather than face the realization of the incons tancy sexual attraction.BibliographyBenet, Sula. May Day. Encyclopedia Americana Deluxe Library Edition. 1992.Berry, Ralph. Shakespeares Comedies. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press, 1972.Fredal, James. Herm Choppers, the Adonia, and Rhetorical Action in Ancient Greece. Online posting. National Council of Teachers of English. 28 Feb. 2003 http//www.ncte.org/pdfs/subscribers-only/ce/0645-may02/CE0645Herm.pdfGreenblatt et al., ed. A Midsumer Nights Dream.The Norton Shakespeare Comedies. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1997.Vaughn, Jack A. Shakespeares Comedies. New York Frederick Uncar produce Co., 1980.

Maya Angelou’s The Graduation :: Maya Angelou The Graduation

Throughout life graduation, or the advancement to the next distinct level of harvesting, is sometimes acknowledged with the pomp and considerateness of the grand commencement ceremony, but many times the graduation is as whisper soft and natural as pickings a breath. In the moving autobiographical essay, The Graduation, Maya Angelou effectively applies three rhetorical strategies - an expressive constituent, illustrative comparison and contrast, and flowing sentences bursting with vivid simile and delightful imaging - to examine the personal growth of humans caught in the adversity of racial discrimination. In an expressive voice, Ms. Angelou paints a memorable picture of a small abusive community anticipating graduation solar day fifty-five years ago. She describes the children as trembling visibly with anticipation and the teachers being respectful of the now quiet and aging seniors. Although it is autobiographical, an all-knowing voice in the offshoot six paragraphs desc ribes how they - the black children in Stamps - felt and acted before the omniscient voice changes to a limited omniscient narration in the seventh paragraph. Her eloquent voice skillfully builds the tension as she demonstrates bigotry destroying innocence. The same consistent, expressive voice introduces Ms. Angelous effective strategy of comparison and contrast. By comparing what the black schools dont have, such as lawn, nor hedges, nor tennis courts, nor climbing ivy, reveals not only a clear illustration of what luxuries the white schools in the forties had but also how unjust the system was. The adults at the graduation focus on the differences that were previously left unspoken. The black principals voice fades as he describes the friendship of kindly the great unwashed to those less fortunate accordingly themselves and the white commencement speaker implies that the white kids would have a chance to become Galileos.... and our boys would try to be Jesse Owenes... The auth ors emotions vary from the beginning proclamation that I was the person of the morsel to the agonizing thoughts that it was awful to be a Negro and have no control over my life to the moment of epiphany we are on twinge again. Ms. Angelous rhetorical strategy of comparison and contrast serves as effectively as her brilliant, flowing sentences sprinkled with colorful simile and imagery. Poetic phrases describing a voice homogeneous a river diminishing to a stream, and then a trickle or the audiences conditioned responses as Amens and Yes, sirs began to fall around the room like rain through a ragged umbrella paint vivid images.Maya Angelous The Graduation Maya Angelou The GraduationThroughout life graduation, or the advancement to the next distinct level of growth, is sometimes acknowledged with the pomp and circumstance of the grand commencement ceremony, but many times the graduation is as whisper soft and natural as taking a breath. In the moving autobiographical essay, The Graduation, Maya Angelou effectively applies three rhetorical strategies - an expressive voice, illustrative comparison and contrast, and flowing sentences bursting with vivid simile and delightful imagery - to examine the personal growth of humans caught in the adversity of racial discrimination. In an expressive voice, Ms. Angelou paints a memorable picture of a small black community anticipating graduation day fifty-five years ago. She describes the children as trembling visibly with anticipation and the teachers being respectful of the now quiet and aging seniors. Although it is autobiographical, an omniscient voice in the first six paragraphs describes how they - the black children in Stamps - felt and acted before the omniscient voice changes to a limited omniscient narration in the seventh paragraph. Her eloquent voice skillfully builds the tension as she demonstrates bigotry destroying innocence. The same consistent, expressive voice introduces Ms. Angelous effective strateg y of comparison and contrast. By comparing what the black schools dont have, such as lawn, nor hedges, nor tennis courts, nor climbing ivy, reveals not only a clear illustration of what luxuries the white schools in the forties had but also how unjust the system was. The adults at the graduation focus on the differences that were previously left unspoken. The black principals voice fades as he describes the friendship of kindly people to those less fortunate then themselves and the white commencement speaker implies that the white kids would have a chance to become Galileos.... and our boys would try to be Jesse Owenes... The authors emotions vary from the first proclamation that I was the person of the moment to the agonizing thoughts that it was awful to be a Negro and have no control over my life to the moment of epiphany we are on top again. Ms. Angelous rhetorical strategy of comparison and contrast serves as effectively as her brilliant, flowing sentences sprinkled with colorf ul simile and imagery. Poetic phrases describing a voice like a river diminishing to a stream, and then a trickle or the audiences conditioned responses as Amens and Yes, sirs began to fall around the room like rain through a ragged umbrella paint vivid images.

The Road Not Taken and the Journey of Life :: Road Not Taken essays

The Road Not Taken and the Journey of Life   This poem by Robert Frost was first rent to me in the last year of my high school experience.  Back then, not only did I have absolutely no interest in any literary work, but moreover, had no intension to lye there and analyze a poem into its symbolic definitions.  Only now have I been taught the proper way to read a literary work as a formalistic critic might read.  With this new approach to literature I can understand the primal meaning to Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken.  In addition to merely grasping the authors intension, I was able to justly incur that this poem, without directly mentioning anything about lifes decisions, is in its entirety about just that.         Robert Frost interpreted most of the decisions we make in life into this twenty-line poem of a man choosing which path to take in a yellow wood.  Everyday I make a decision to do a certain depute, take that certain walk, or to set at home and do absolutely nothing.  Being one person, I can never know for sure what the exact outcome might be if I were to choose the other decision.  For instance, I take a leisurely walk every night and I sacrifice my time to do something else.  Although this whitethorn not always account to me personally, I do sometimes think what the other choice may have brought me.  And often times, I complete the task with a sense of relief, a sigh perhaps, that the choice I made turned to be a well-made decision.  Though most people seldom look into the sacrifice of decision making the way Robert Frost does, it is indeed a highly examined way too understand a path less(prenominal) traveled by.         The first stanza introduced the reader to the decision the author would have to make.  Two roads diverged in a yellow wood to me signified that the resolving power of his decision would arise from the same origin to which in my own life, I can reflect on.  And though he would like to have seen the outcome of some(prenominal) paths, he knew he could only choose one.  And to help him decide, he would look down both choices and see only until the road took a bend.

Toatlitarian Gov. :: essays research papers

Totalitarian G all overnments use the people in a total movement to achieve a goal. When this goal is at last met, the government finds a new goal to strive for to keep the population in check. This type of government sprang up during the 1930s in Europe and Asia. dictatorship came into being for many reasons class struggle, estatealism, and a need for a better way of life. However the biggest reason that totalitarian government came into play was because of the Great Depression. triple nations in particular were able to model this take over by using the lower classes as a boost to achieve power.The Russian nation was in a state of distress. The country was being ruined by drought, fire, and the lack of industry. Russia was falling way behind the proportionality of the world, and with the death of Lenin they were looking for a new leader. The single party system made it easy for a totalitarian style leader to take hold of the reigns of power. Trotsky and Stalin were the two can didates for the take over Russias government. They both utilize socialism to try to move into power, but Stalin used socialism on the home front to his advantage. Where Trotsky wanted to use the rest of the world for socialism, making the people think that they needed a crutch. This idea did not go over well and Stalin won increasing support. He used this support to banish and kill Trotsky and his opposition. After Trotsky was out of the way, Stalin killed his supporters and furthered his totalitarian role. With the introduction of his Five Year Plan, to increase industry by two one C and fifty percent and agriculture by one hundred and fifty percent, he solidified his position and the birth of a totalitarian government with the goal of industry. Earlier, in the nation of Italy, totalitarianism had been introduced before the grounds had been laid in Russia. There was a great hate that was rising between the velocity and lower classes. The socialist movement was in full effect, a nd factory workers and peasant were taking over factories. And with the pope lifting the ban on Catholics, there were an increasing turn of different opposing factions in government making an already unstable government worse. Mussolini, a nationalist and fascist, steps in asking for a great sense of nationalism. He helps this idea with promises of better benefits for the working class and land reform for the peasants.

Space Appeal :: Science Planets NASA Papers

Space Appeal Public relations activities have been and always pass on be an integral part of crew activities. While these activities absorb resources, the most significant of which is time, they also consider public and political support to the program and fork over some of the return on investment of the program. NASA, The Mars Reference Mission, Pg. 25Since the day of NASAs greatest triumph on July 20, 1969, on that point has been a intellect among many American people and politicians that the once-unimaginable goal of conquering quadruplet has been accomplished, and that much of what NASA has done since are simply unnecessary frills of the federal budget. In order to try to justify its own existence, NASA has felt the need to engage in projects that can thrill the public and thus keep people interested in lieu exploration. In doing so, a significant portion of their budget, which has been cut over the years, is spent on public relations, decreasing the budget for act ual space-related activities. By using its resources to bring public and political support to the program1, NASA has been looking at the problem backwards. By operating more efficiently and spending less on reservation their projects sexy they could in reality accomplish their goals, which would implicitly grab the publics attention. It is time for NASA to move into a new era, where the goal is to pick those projects that will actually succeed instead of those that sensationalize space, those that appeal to the scientist instead of the average American.One goal that NASA has been working toward for years is that of sending a manned mission to Mars. While there is no official plan to send a man to Mars, there is wide support for it at NASA and it clearly would be attempted when/if possible. Sending a human to another planet would be an impressive step for the recently maligned space1 Koff, Stephen. NASAs new chief will ask why a lot. The Plain Dealer. January 10, 2002. National Pg. A2. Lexis-Nexis Universe. Online. Nexis. April 28, 2002. program, and would likely bring back a large public interest in the cosmos not seen since the heyday of space in the 1950s and 60s. However, NASA exists neither to entertain the American people nor to promote interest in outer space. According to Sean OKeefe, NASAs newly-minted Chief Administrator, it exists to advertise the development of science and technology2.

Civil War Journal Essay example -- essays research papers

Dear Journal,                                             August 2, 1863     With Dixie in my heart, today is the day that South Carolina recruited me for this war. I must(prenominal) soon be ready to go to the regiment I was assigned to. I am in the 3rd Infantry Regiment of South Carolina. I would rather have been in the cavalry since, the Great State, I raise horses, but they needed infantry even more. I will do anything to financial aid the Confederacy. Emily, Joseff, and Soo are sad that their Pa is leaving them. I told them not to fret and remember that I am fighting for what our forefathers wanted. They wanted to have an equally distributed government activity as not to have a endurer and people with no say. That promise has not been kept, and to start anew, we seceded. The ch ildren understand, having the participator flag gleaming in their eyes. I said my fare-thee-wells to Anna, the children, and the servants. "Never forget me. We will be together under one nation, the Confederate Nation. Our spirits will live on, bringing forth rights to rule as we pl free." Going off to war is a tough thing to do. I am forced to leave my family, horses, plantation, and slaves to fight for the pride. The proudest of keeping those elements intact. Keeping those in order is a war in itself.                         -Jonathan CortDear Journal,                                        August 17, 1863     The war front is quite an unimaginable experience unless you go by it yourself. We have slender rations of horrid food. Hard tack full of meal worms and chicory coffee. Our Mamies collared greens is what I miss most right now. I do not get kindly towards the food, but as long as we are able to keep alive on hard tack and goobers, we will fight to the in truth end. I am on of the newcomers of t... ...he nation. What I got was being a cripple, and a country where Jeff Davis does not prove his States rights theory. This is not what I was fighting for. I do not think that is what anyone was fighting for. We, the Confederacy, wanted Peace, Love, and Justice and make our country work. Well, now I realize that those thoughts are just wishful thinking for a Southerner. The war still goes on, and life does, but I want it to be over. All what I lived for, is gone in a blast. My family left me, and I am not allowed back into the war. I am too weak to go on anymore either. The doctors gave me Valium to take. I might as well ease the pain of my heart on Christmas Eve to follow the starry night and have it guide me into heaven. I thank you for being there to help me through this. Now I must meet the honored soldiers that have fought bravely. Maybe in the Great States above, it should be the way it is meant to be.            As what Michael has said, "La vie Confederate"                         -Jonathan

Hundreds Years War Essay -- essays research papers fc

speed of light Years war The definition of the Golden Rule is that those with the gold make the rules. In other words, those with the gold piss the power as well as those with the power have the gold. History books result discuss the general reasons for war such as freedom from failure or freedom from religion. But the real issue for any war is the thirst for power and control and the means to finance them are the economic issues. Nations will endure years of fighting for power and control. France and England fought each other for more than a hundred years to have control of the Channel trade routes. 1 This century of warring was known as The Hundred Years War and is the longest war in record history. It began in 1337 when queer Edward III invaded Normandy and ended in 1453 when France won the Battle of Bordeaux. However, it was not a hundred years of constant battle there were periods of truces in between. 2 One cause for the Hundred Years War was the claim to the French thro ne. The conflict began when the direct take in of succession died without a male heir and the nobles decided to pass the crown to a cousin, Philip of Valois. But this left over(p) two other male cousins equally deserving of the crown Charles, world power of Navarre and Edward III, King of England. 3 Edward III claimed that he himself was deserving of the throne because his mother was the baby of the late French king, while Philip VI was only a cousin. But according to French law, no women could inherit the throne, nor could the crown be inherited done a woman. 4 "Philip of Valois chances of becoming King of France had been remote and he had not been brought up as the future lieutenant of God on Earth. Philip VI spend much of his resources on entertainment and finery with gay abandon." 5 This caused conflict with the kings subjects. Since the king was considered to be sacred and inviolable, neither cousin would challenge Philip VI. However, they would exploit the situati on and King Edward III lost no time and invaded Normandy with an army of 10,000 men. 6 This leads to another cause for The Hundred Years War. The land along the Channel and Atlantic coasts was Englands first line of defense against an invasion. England held claim to this territory from the twelth century through the marriage of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. King Edward III was determined to gain control of the Fr... ...otHundred Years War." Comptons Online Encyclopedia. 1995. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York John Day Company, 1967. Palmer, J.J.N. England, France and Christendom. London University of North Carolina Press, 1972. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London Oxford University Press, 1970. --- Notes 1. Palmer, J.J.N., England, France and Christendom. London University of North Carolina Press, 23. 2. "Hundred Years War." Comptons Online Encyclopedia. 1995. 3. Palmer, 47. 4. "Hundred Years War" 5. Duby, Georges. France in the Mi ddle Ages 987-1460. Paris Blackwell, 1987, 274. 6. "Hundred Years War" 7. Barnie, John. War in Medieval English Society. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1974, 181. 8. Palmer, 120. 9. "Hundred Years War" 10. Barnie, 219. 11. Duby, 233. 12. "Hundred Years War" 13. Palmer, 161. 14. "Hundred Years War" 15. Barnie, 25. 16. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York John Day Company, 1967, 214. 17. Hutchinson, 214. 18. Barnie, 245. 19. "Hundred Years War" 20. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London Oxford University Press, 1970, 165. 21. Vale, 215.

Exploring Identity and Time in Here, An Arundel Tomb and The Whitsun Weddings :: An Arundel Tomb

Exploring Identity and Time in Here, An Arundel Tomb and The Whitsun Weddings Larkin has been criticized over the years for the sulk of his poems, the blackened description of everyday life that some people say lacks depth, however, unlike many other poets, Larkin does not always write the truth or the depth of his feelings. In many there is a voice, trying to convince its author of something that is usually quite evident or exploring itself but revealing completely the surface. Why he is trying to convince himself and what argon is true feelings present the current challenge and profundity of Larkin poems. The seek for ones identity, combined for everybody in ones unique fantasies and realities is a recurrent theme in his poems. As is time, the passing of it, the transformation it engenders and the damage it inflicts. In Here, identity or the search for ones identity is the main theme. The search is symbolized by the journey taken by Larkin, which takes him through the countrys ide before Hull, through Hull and finally into the countryside and the beach remote Hull. He finds his identity in the countryside outside Hull, however, he knows that although it is here that he yearns for, it is not his true self, it is his fantasy, the Here he would like to live in but that is nevertheless out of reach. His real identity can be ground in Hull with the people and city he so despises. His journey starts in the farm lands before Hull, he does not stop his car, he swerves passed everything as he knows it is not what he is searching for and the slowness of the life he describes here is used in job to the imagined speed of the authors swerving vehicle on the motorway. His next stop, his arrival in Hull marks an abrupt change in scenery (the surprise of a large town) and the driver stops his car, Larkin uses the word Here here for the first time so that we assume he has at last found something, a part of his identity. What he sees, described in the next two paragraph s is a city he despises, a city of people whom he feels are below him, yet he knows it and them extremely. He knows about the contrast between its domes and statues and grain scattered streets, as he knows the people there, he describes their movements as stealing suggesting stealth and sleaze as they move towards the supermarkets, swinging doors to their desires, emphasizing that the desires are theirs.

Hundreds Years War Essay -- essays research papers fc

deoxycytidine monophosphate Years War The definition of the Golden Rule is that those with the gold give the rules. In other words, those with the gold suffer the power as well as those with the power have the gold. History books will discuss the general reasons for fight such as freedom from adversity or freedom from religion. But the real issue for any war is the thirst for power and control and the mode to finance them are the economic issues. Nations will endure years of fighting for power and control. France and England fought each other for more than a hundred years to have control of the Channel trade routes. 1 This century of warring was known as The Hundred Years War and is the longest war in record history. It began in 1337 when King Edward triad invaded Normandy and ended in 1453 when France won the Battle of Bordeaux. However, it was not a hundred years of constant battle there were periods of truces in between. 2 One cause for the Hundred Years War was the claim t o the French throne. The conflict began when the direct line of succession died without a male heir and the nobles decided to qualifying the crown to a cousin, Philip of Valois. But this left two other male cousins equally deserving of the crown Charles, King of Navarre and Edward III, King of England. 3 Edward III claimed that he himself was deserving of the throne because his mother was the sister of the late French king, while Philip VI was only a cousin. But according to French law, no women could inherit the throne, nor could the crown be inherited through a woman. 4 "Philip of Valois chances of becoming King of France had been remote and he had not been brought up as the future police lieutenant of God on Earth. Philip VI spent much of his resources on entertainment and finery with gay abandon." 5 This caused conflict with the kings subjects. Since the king was considered to be sacred and inviolable, neither cousin would challenge Philip VI. However, they would expl oit the situation and King Edward III lost no time and invaded Normandy with an army of 10,000 men. 6 This leads to another cause for The Hundred Years War. The land on the Channel and Atlantic coasts was Englands first line of defense against an invasion. England held claim to this territory from the twelth century through the marriage of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. King Edward III was determined to gain control of the Fr... ...otHundred Years War." Comptons Online Encyclopedia. 1995. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York John Day Company, 1967. Palmer, J.J.N. England, France and Christendom. London University of northwest Carolina Press, 1972. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London Oxford University Press, 1970. --- Notes 1. Palmer, J.J.N., England, France and Christendom. London University of North Carolina Press, 23. 2. "Hundred Years War." Comptons Online Encyclopedia. 1995. 3. Palmer, 47. 4. "Hundred Years War" 5. Duby, Georges . France in the Middle Ages 987-1460. Paris Blackwell, 1987, 274. 6. "Hundred Years War" 7. Barnie, John. War in Medieval English Society. Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1974, 181. 8. Palmer, 120. 9. "Hundred Years War" 10. Barnie, 219. 11. Duby, 233. 12. "Hundred Years War" 13. Palmer, 161. 14. "Hundred Years War" 15. Barnie, 25. 16. Hutchinson, Harold F. King Henry V. New York John Day Company, 1967, 214. 17. Hutchinson, 214. 18. Barnie, 245. 19. "Hundred Years War" 20. Vale, M.G.A. English Gascony 1399-1453. London Oxford University Press, 1970, 165. 21. Vale, 215.

Exploring Identity and Time in Here, An Arundel Tomb and The Whitsun Weddings :: An Arundel Tomb

Exploring Identity and Time in hither, An Arundel Tomb and The Whitsun Weddings Larkin has been criticized over the years for the moroseness of his poems, the blackened description of everyday life that some stack say lacks depth, however, unlike many other poets, Larkin does non always write the truth or the depth of his feelings. In many there is a voice, stressful to convince its author of something that is usually quite evident or exploring itself but revealing only the surface. Why he is trying to convince himself and what are is uncoiled feelings present the real challenge and profundity of Larkin poems. The search for ones identity, combined for everybody in ones unique fantasies and realities is a recurrent theme in his poems. As is time, the passing of it, the shimmy it engenders and the damage it inflicts. In hither, identity or the search for ones identity is the main theme. The search is symbolized by the journey taken by Larkin, which takes him through the countrysi de in advance remove, through Hull and finally into the countryside and the beach outside Hull. He finds his identity in the countryside outside Hull, however, he knows that although it is here that he yearns for, it is not his true self, it is his fantasy, the Here he would like to live in but that is nevertheless out of reach. His real identity can be found in Hull with the people and city he so despises. His journey starts in the farm lands before Hull, he does not stop his car, he swerves passed everything as he knows it is not what he is searching for and the slowness of the life he describes here is used in channel to the imagined speed of the authors swerving vehicle on the motorway. His coterminous stop, his reaching in Hull marks an abrupt change in scenery (the surprise of a large town) and the driver stops his car, Larkin uses the word Here here for the first time so that we assume he has at last found something, a part of his identity. What he sees, described in the next two paragraphs is a city he despises, a city of people whom he feels are below him, yet he knows it and them extremely. He knows about the contrast between its domes and statues and grain scattered streets, as he knows the people there, he describes their movements as stealing suggesting stealth and sleaze as they move towards the supermarkets, swinging doors to their desires, accenting that the desires are theirs.

History Us Essay

The Dawes make out, also known as the General Allotment Act of 1887, was in theory meant to protect the property rights of original peoples during an anticipated body politic rush when Unassigned Lands in present-day Oklahoma were opened for settlement. Its sponsor, Senator Henry Dawes (R-Massachusetts), was a believer in the power of land ownership to civilize Native peoples, defining the term as the wearing of civilized (i. e., manufactured and/or Euro-American type) clothing, the practice of agriculture, residing in homes made of wood and/or brick, the use of horse-drawn vehicles, formal schooling for children, consumption of alcohol and the ownership of property (Oates, 2000). While Dawes intentions may have been sincere, the genius of the Act and its results demonstrate that, unlike his detractor, Senator Henry Moore (R-Colorado) who had actually lived in the West and had a better comprehension of Western land issues Dawes had myopic belowstanding of indigenous cultur e and traditions. In fact, the U. S.government had spent the better composition of a century in attempts to register native peoples and individuals. The Dawes Act was an attempt to bribe Indians with promises of land allotments prior to the land rush, partly in compensation for treatment of the previous 100 years. Not surprisingly, umteen Indians were not particularly trusting. Wars against, and subsequent relocation of the Nez Perce, Sioux, Yakama and opposite western tribes were not far in the past even the painful forced relocation of the Cherokee and other Southeastern peoples a half-century before was within support memory of some.Fearing reprisals, many Indians who had ref utilize to submit relocations in the past would not sign the Dawes Rolls. Either (Oates, 2000). another(prenominal) provision of the Dawes Act required Indians to give up their addicted names and take on a more English-sounding name in that locationfore, some unmatched whose name might translate as Run ning Bear would wind up having to register as Richard Bill, for example. This made it all too easy for government agents to slip in the names of friends and family members, resulting in the transfer of Indian lands to semipolitical cronies (Oates, 2000).The Dawes Act appears to contain an interesting conflict whereas Section Six refers to Land Patents which according to the law, grants the landholder unconditional rights to said property in perpetuity, Section Ten asserts sexual relation right of Eminent Domain, allowing the government to confiscate the land for any public use upon making just compensation (USC, 1887), creating a large loophole that was taken value of often in the ensuing four decades.The record is clear nearly half of the treaty land passed into the possession of non-native settlers, and the Meriam Report of 1928 clearly showed how government agents had used provisions of the Dawes Act illegally to deprive indigenous peoples of their property people who had ve ry little concept of land ownership in the Euro-American sense on the first place. Most Native societies were build on communal living within the context of an extended clan- human relationship grouping, which more often was matrilineal.This is significant, because of gender roles traditionally, males were the hunters, while females garner or among the few Native peoples that practiced agriculture at all engaged in the cultivation of food plants. The imposition of Industrial-Age and hyper-patriarchal Victorian values in which the man was the head of a small nuclear family dependent upon a capitalist system led to the disintegration and ultimate destruction of their traditional kinship support system (Norton, 2003). Ultimately, this was yet some other divide and conquer strategy that allowed more Indian lands to pass into the control of Euro-American settlers.II. Reconstruction was an attempt on the part of the U. S. federal government to gradually bring the states of the former Confederacy stomach into the union and resolve social issues of the conflict. The initial phase of Reconstruction began in 1863 under Abraham Lincoln and his successor, Andrew buttocksson. Lincolns intentions were to restore the Southern states as quickly and with as little rancor as possible his moderate program mandated that as soon as 10% of a former Confederate states electorate signed a loyalty oath, that state could then form a government body and send representatives to Washington D.C. During the mid-term elections of 1866 however, Congress fell under the control of hard-liners of Johnsons own party. These Radical Republicans most likely out of vindictiveness to struggled ex-Confederates quite than any genuine concern for African-Americans attempted to enforce instant equality onto Southern society. This Radical phase of Reconstruction lasted from 1866 to 1873, and emphasized civil rights and customary suffrage for freed blacks, many of whom were appointed to offices for which many were not necessarily qualified.Numerous well(p)-meaning Northerners moved to the South as well with the intentions of educating blacks and providing relief for blacks and whites displaced by the war however, they were accompanied by a large number of fortune seekers, who became known as Carpetbaggers. Along with free blacks and native white southern Republicans known as Scalawags, the Carpetbaggers formed a Republican coalition that managed to gain control of every southern state except for Virginia (Norton, 2003).The third phase of Reconstruction started when conservative participatory coalitions of white supremacists known as Redeemers began taking back state legislatures, a process that was complete by 1877. (The former Confederacy would not elect another Republican president for 103 years). It would appear at least from the perspective of a Southern landowner or former landowner that such a happen was inevitable. Many southern slaveholders operated under a sincere belief (misguided as it was) that their Negroes were better off under the care of their masters.When slaves went on strike, and even deserted plantations, surrendering themselves to moving Union troops, there were genuine feelings of betrayal. Meanwhile, Northerners often had little love for blacks for example, an 1863 law that allowed rich whites to buy their way out of the draft led to perceptions among working-class whites that they were creation expected to die for the benefit of blacks this resulted in major riots in New York and Detroit in which many blacks were attacked and killed (Zinn, 2003).Once the white supremacists were back in control, they wasted little time in excluding Afro-Americans from mainstream society, banning them from restaurants, schools, and other establishments as well as suppressing the vote in a number of ways. When challenged in 1883 under the Fourteenth Amendment, the independent Court interpreted it in a way that made it useless as a guar antor of civil rights, essentially nullifying the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The volume ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment applied to states only, and not private citizens therefore, discrimination by private individuals was completely within the law.In a dissenting opinion, Justice John Harlan himself a former slave owner wrote that discrimination was a badge of slavery, and therefore illegal under the Thirteenth Amendment banning the peculiar institution, as well as Article 4, Section 2 of the Fourteenth the citizens atomic number 53 born in the U. S. of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States (Zinn, 2003). Nonetheless, the woo then as now was swinging toward interpretations that favored Big Business and corporate capitalism, which has never had any use for equality of any kind.This eventually paved the way for Plessy v. Fergusson and the subsequent decades of Jim Crow apartheid in the south. III. On the eve of the F irst World War, class struggle between the workers and corporate capitalism was intensifying. On one side were socialist movements whose members clearly saw what the war was about the struggle between capitalist power-brokers, through their bought-and-paid-for national governments, over land, colonies, resources, power and wealth no(prenominal) of which in the working class, who nonetheless wound up fighting an dying in the trenches for these concepts, had any stake whatsoever.On the other side then as now were the corporate capitalists, who had a great deal at stake over the outcome of the war. American corporations had substantial investments in British companies and vice-versa meanwhile, Britain was draining its treasury as well as its people for a war that historians today has never been shown to bring any gain for humanity that would be worth one human life (Zinn, 2003). The German announcement in April of 1917 that they would sink any ship carrying supplies to their enemi es (i. e. , Britain) has long been cited as a reason that Wilson eventually sought a declaration of war from Congress.However, German-Americans had for some time been sending aid to the ancestral homeland, while the British had been interfering with the rights of U. S. citizens on the high seas during the same period. Because of economic earthly concern however, Wilson had to find other reasons to enter the war on the side of the Allies (Zinn, 2003). According to historian Richard Hofstader, there were a number of economic reasons that shaped Wilsons policy on the war a recession that had begun in 1914 had begun to ease starting the following year because of orders by the Allies that totaled over $2 billion by 1917.By the time the war had begun, foreign investment in the U. S. totaled $3 ? billion. Foreign markets were considered vital to the U. S. economy. Since the outbreak of hostilities, Britain was buying not only durable goods and war materiel from U. S. companies, but since the lift on a ban on private bank loans to the Allies, were taking out many interest-bearing loans as well. The result is that the U. S. economy became closely tied to British victory. African-American author and activist W. E. B. DuBois clearly saw that the wealth of the U. S.and Europe was built on the backs of people in the lands which they had colonized chiefly Africa and Asia, control over which were at the heart of the conflict. War, he said was a safety valve for the tensions of class conflict. warfare created an artificial community of interest between the corporatist/investor class and that of the workers (Zinn, 2003). This was not lost on the workers of the nation. Only 73,000 men volunteered in during the first six weeks following the declaration, and there was little indication of public support.Socialist anti-war rallies throughout the country were attended by thousands of working people protesting the war and corporate profiteering. A conservative newspaper publisher in Akron, Ohio admitted that the nation had never embarked upon a more unpopular war (Zinn, 2003). The federal government at the behest of the corporate interests who then (as now) had the legislature in its back pocket had little choice but institute legal and punitive measures which included both military conscription and the Espionage Act a law of ambiguous constitutionality passed for the purpose of silencing dissent (Oates, 2000).While ostensibly the law was to protect the nation from spies, a clause provided for a penalty of up to twenty years chains for anyone found guilty of causing insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny or refusal of duty, although another clause stated that nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or suppressany discussion, comment, or criticism of the acts or policies of the Government. Nonetheless, Socialist leader Charles Schenk was arrested in September 1917 for the distribution of leaflets arguing that conscription was a violation of th e Thirteenth Amendment.Another Socialist, Eugene V. Debs, was arrested the following June for making a public speech against the war. Eventually, nine hundred people were incarcerated under the Espionage Act and dissenters buried under an intense propaganda campaign by the government and their corporate lapdogs in the media. IV. Prohibition the perhaps well-intentioned, but misguided attempt to outlaw the consumption of alcohol and spirituous liquors dates back to the beginning of the republic. During compound times, moderate alcohol consumption was tolerated, but over-indulgence was not.Alcohol was a gift of God, while drunkenness was seen as an abuse of that gift, but alcohol itself was not seen as a problem only the behaviors associated with its excessive consumption. By the time of the revolution however, this had changed significantly. The shift from an agrarian to an urban society brought with it the usual consequences of poverty and unemployment, which in strain resulted in crime. With a strongly Puritan-influenced mindset, most devout Americans were unable to make the connection between poverty and crime, so alcohol became the scapegoat.The complete prohibition of intoxicant beverages was promulgated by religious Protestant groups on the grounds that it was the cause of crime and domestic violence. Prohibition movements met with limited success in the years rill up to the Civil War. After a twenty-year hiatus, the concept was revived by the Womans Christian Temperance Union and the Prohibition Party, which gained significant political power in the forty-year period on either side of 1900.Prohibition laws were enacted locally throughout the nation, even to the point of becoming state law in Kansas. A number of southern states as well as individual counties within those states, with their streak of religious conservatism and intolerance, followed suit (Norton, 2003). (This patchwork of laws had some rather odd results that persist to the present da y for example, Jack Daniels Whiskey is still manufactured in Lynchburg, Tennessee, but local ordinance makes it illegal to sell or purchase it there. )

The Process of Successful Change

The Process of Successful Change Norma Taylor HCS 325 July 10, 2012 The Process of Successful Change There are many responsibilities k nonty with the title of manager. Implementing and rolling out interchange over to your employees raft be overwhelming. There are different techniques used to ensure a smooth, uneventful transition to change. close to techniques are not as useful and successful as others, depending on what type of change is involved. Motivational techniques to implement change in a follow are not an easy task, but it is possible.Expectancy possibility, two-factor theory, goal-setting theory, and equity theory are a few different techniques that I would use in my company. The expectancy theory is a unique way to motivate employees during a time of change. Victor Vrooms expectancy theory suggests that people will do what they can do when they want to do it (Lombardi & Schermerhorn, 2007). This theory depends on three different factors Expectancy, Instrumentality, a nd Valence. Expectancy is the belief that live oning hard will result in a believed level of task achieved.Instrumentality is defined as a persons belief that successful surgical procedure will be rewarded and has other devout outcomes. Valance is the value a person assigns to the possible rewards and other work related outcomes. There are pros and cons to the expectancy theory. One pro is that this theory is a commonly recognized for supporting an employees decision-making method. A shortcoming of this theory is that it has numerous elements that may accomplish this theory not as successful. For example, this theory does not take the emotional state of the individual into consideration.The individuals personality, abilities, skills, knowledge as closely as previous experiences are factors that may affect the outcome of this model. The expectancy theory of want is a perception based model. The manager needs to guess the motivational force (the value) of a reward for an employ ee. The theory can be knockout to implement in the group environment (Leadership-Central. com, 2012). As a loss leader using the expectancy theory, I would set realistic goals for the employees. In addition, I would too ensure that they are setting realistic goals for themselves.Failure to set a realistic goal will result in a low motivation as the expectancy will yield a low result. Rewards are a form of motivation to everyone and I would set realistic rewards. As a leader I need to understand what my employees value and I would link the reward with the goal. The trick here is to ensure that you operate within your constraints as well as make sure not to exaggerate the reward in comparison to the labor they will need to express. High reward with low effort will create an expectation effect and may work against you.I believe the expectancy theory technique would work well in a weensy office. Implementing change and offering a reward to committed employees with positive results will give effective outcomes. The two-factor theory is another motivational techniques used in the study developed by Frederick Herzberg. This theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job gladness as well as a separate set of factors that cause dissatisfaction. This theory used as a motivational technique can cause great outcomes in the workplace. Job satisfaction can be achieved in the simplest ways.Acknowledging great performance would give employees a sense of job satisfaction at their workplace, thus creating a positive outcome. fit to Herzberg job satisfaction can be a sense of achievement, feelings of recognition, sense of responsibility, opportunity for advancement and feelings of personal growth (Lombardi Schermerhorn, 2007). Job gratification can suggest a great degree of incentive or productivity with workers. J. Stacy Adams developed the equity theory, which assists in the explanation that wages and environments do not conclude motivat ion to employees.His theory indicates that the perceived unfairness is a motivating state. When people believe they have been inequitably treated in comparison to others, they will try to get rid of the discomfort and reestablish a sense of fairness to the situation (Lombardi Schermerhorn, 2007). As a leader this type of motivation is essential to a work environment. fit in to Adams prediction, he believes that employees would deal with unfairness by changing their work contributions and decreasing their labor.He also believes that employees will ask for incentives, or simply terminate their position in the company because of unfair or unjust treatment compared to fellow employees. Treating everyone equally and fair is a practice required in any type of work environment. Using this tool as a motivation to implement change would be necessary. It would aid in the impartiality of rewards for doing an excellent job during the change as well as the reprimands needed for employees not embracing the change as necessary.In 1960s, Edwin Locke put forward the goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that goal setting is essentially link up to task performance. The theory states that specific and challenge goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance. In simple words, goals indicate, and give direction to an employee more or less what needs to be done and how much effort is required. This is one of my favorite theories because I believe that it is the most effective theory to use when implementing a change in a work setting.There are numerous important features in this theory. For example, Edwin Locke states that the employees willingness to work toward the attainment of a goal is a main informant of job motivation. A clear, difficult, and specific goals are greater motivating factors than having easy, general and vague goals. Specific and clear goals lead to greater output and better performance (Management S tudy Guide, 2012). Goals ought to be reasonable and challenging to give employees a sense of gratification and accomplishment when attained.The more challenging the goal, the greater the reward, and the higher the employees desire are for achieving it. Feedback is a means of gaining reputation, making clarifications and regulating goal. There are many theories to implement change and motivate employees some may work composition others may not. Change in a workplace is a process. As a leader I would start with what would benefit the company. Once the notice of change has been communicated, setting up training would be the next step.Using the goal-setting theory I would let the employees know clearly what is expected from them and continue to implement the change. To motivate the workers and make the change a little more pleasant, I would reward them once the goal is achieved. Change is not always bad, but it is definitely a challenging task, because of the various needs and desires of each individual. References In-Tuition. (2012). Follow These Strategies for Managing Change. Retrieved from http//www. practical-management-skills. com/strategies-for-mamaging-change. htm

Women in Psychology Paper

Women have made many contri preciselyions to the advancement of psycho poundy, many of which have g star without notice until recent eras, and somewhat of which distillery goes unidentified in the battlefield of psychology. The mention of women in the early development of psychology usually refers to them as minor contributors to a field that at one time was predominantly dominated by men. Women of the time were subject to gender and martial prejudice (Stipkovich, 2011). One such women who thrived in the field of psychology disrespect of and greatly due to the discrimination women experienced in the 1900s is Leta Hollingworth.According to Stipkovich (2011), The remarkable path Leta Hollingworths life took her was instrumental in becoming a meaningful figure in the history of psychology of woman (Contributions to the field of Psychology). Background Born Leta Anna Stetter, in May of 1886 in northeastward, she was the oldest of three children. Raised on her grandparents farm afte r her mothers death and fathers abandonment following the birth of her youngest sibling. Leta Stetter received her early formal education in a one-room log schoolhouse, an education she later described as excellent in every respect (Miller, R.1990, para. 4). Leta ammonium alumd high school in 1902, at the age of 15 she was one of eight students in the class. In high school Leta showed a talent for creative writing which she was encouraged to develop in college. Leta enrol conduct and attended the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, where she chop-chop achieved a campus reputation in literature and creative writing and was designated Class Poet of the Class of 1906 (Miller, R. 1990, p. 145). While attending the university Leta met and became engaged to classmate Harry Levi Hollingworth.Harry graduated from the university in the lead Leta and decided to do his graduate studies in New York at Columbia University, Leta stayed in Nebraska to finish her undergraduate work and graduated in 1906. unable(p) to start a career in writing as she originally intended due to financial hassles, Leta took a belief position in Nebraska and later joined Harry in New York the two were married on December 31, 1908. Leta attempted to get a job as a teacher in New York but was denied based solely on her marital status. This was a very frustrating circumstance for the talented and educated graduate and led to the questioning of the role women play insociety (Stipkovich, 2011).Over time Leta went on to complete her graduate studies at Columbia receiving an M. A. in 1913, Ph. D. 1916. While terminate her studies in educational psychology at Columbia Leta had an opportunity to work directly with Edward Lee Thorndike. According to Stipkovich (2011), With the environment finally allowing her to explore her academic interests, and questions slightly her own existence as a married woman, she pursued the study of womens psychology and new interests in brightness and intelligence (A litt le Background). Theoretical perspectiveLeta became raise in psychology after questioning womens inferiority to men. After researching the works of other psychologist she found only one assertion that could be well-tried scientifically. This assertion was commonly known as the disagreement hypothesis, (Benjamin, L. , 1990 p. 147). Held, L. (2010), states The variability hypothesis posited that men exhibit greater variation than women on twain physical and psychological traits, in essence suggesting that men occupied both the highest and lowest ends of the spectrum on any trait and women were doomed to mediocrity (para.4).In order to disprove this hypothesis Leta did some research at the Clearinghouse for Mental Defectives Hollingworth believed social roles accounted for the differences, not innate differences (Held, L. 2010 p. 3). She conducted an experiment over a three month time period on both men and women from a behaviorist perspective which essential proved there was no de crease in womens performance during the course of their cycle. While teaching at Columbia Leta started to express an interest in the study of exceptional children.While working with these children she discovered most of them were averagely intelligent but suffered from adjustment problems due to adolescents. In 1928 Leta published The Psychology of the Adolescent once again done from a behaviorist perspective further research should children with high intellect could be problem children, causing her to ask what special programs have been developed for them in public schools? (Benjamin, L. , 1990). She worked on assessment tools for early identification of the intellectually gifted, and inevitably her work led her to the development of educational methods for these children Benjamin, L., 1990).Contributions to the field of psychology Leta Hollingworth is a contributor to three specific fields of psychology. Letas recognition of the challenges faced by women set power to a new field of psychology the psychology of women. Barbaro (2002), Because of her work, future women would not have to deal with unchecked acquisitions of innate mediocrity or menstrual constipation in their pursuit of scientific eminence (Contributions to Psychology).In 1921 Leta Hollingworth was cited in American Men of Science for her research on the psychology of women (Held, L. 2010 p. 15). The other field of psychology Leta Hollingworth was a great contributor to the psychology of the exceptional child which led to her much known involvement and influence in school psychology. Due to her studies on the gifted children she was able to develop methods to recognize gifted children and aide in the development of a school curriculum better meeting their needs.Hollingworths writings on gifted children, special education, adolescence, and mental retardation were inspirational for over twenty years (Miller, R. , 1990). In clinical psychology she disproved the variability hypothesis her examinati on on both male and female infant craniums proved that while the males were slightly larger if a difference in variability existed it favored females (Held, L. 2010 p. 4). After the disproving of the variability hypothesis Leta Hollingworth worked in the field of clinical psychology part-time for twenty years.Other contribution to psychology are noted publishings such as Gifted Children Their Nature and Nurture (1926) this book was based on the results of her study on gifted children and Children Above 180 IQ (1942) this was Leta Hollingworths last publication and was completed after her death by her husband, Harry L. Hollingworth (Held, L. 2010 p. 7). Conclusion Leta Hollingworth was a women extraordinary for her time. She not let her troublesome childhood prevent her from gaining an education rather she used her less than perfect up bring to develop a talent in creative writing.When she found herself unable to work doing what at the time seemed like her natural calling she went on to teach, only to find her marital status would prevent her from doing so. This turning point in her life was discouraging but, with the adjudge of her husband went on to gain an education, and dismantle one of the theories that prevent her and other women of her time from equal treatment. Leta went on from their developing not only one but three types of psychology that had not yet been explored in-depth, the psychology of women, educational psychology, and the psychology of the gifted child.Her work in the field of psychology not only furthered the field it changed the way women were looked upon, and the education of children both gifted and non-gifted. Instead of becoming a victim of her era she went on to become a pioneering female psychologist of her time were she to witness contemporary society, she would be gravely disappointed that in the past 50 years there has been so little progress in changing societal attitudes toward the gifted, and that women, particularly gifted women, still face so many impediments to achievement and recognition (Silverman, L. K. 1992 p. 11).

Entering the soft drinks industry in india Essay

India is an enormous and diverse country with a population of over 1 billion people, making it tall(prenominal) to make whatever generalisations intimately what Indians like and want from a blue make whoopie (Background to transmission line in India, 2011). The soft drink industry in India has been growing rapidly since 2006 and in 2010 generated a profit of $3. 8 billion and although the market is set to decelerate, by 2015 he market value volition be $5. 9 billion (Soft Drinks Industry profile India, 2011).From this, India is an attractive marketplace with some opportunities for a soft drinks manufacturer to want to expand in to. Porters National rhombus Factor Conditions India has a very childly population with over half being under the age of 25 (BSCAA , 2009) This is an advantage to the MNC wanting to expand their occupation in to India as research by Euromonitor (2011) suggests that young people aged 16-25 ar more(prenominal) likely to purchase bottled soft drinks .Conversely, the diversity of the population in India must be stressed as it is such a large country, with a huge divide between rich and slimy. Also with regards to human resources, the MNC could benefit from the profusion of cheap labour in India (Maan, M et al, 2011), meaning the MNC could move its manufacturing to India to reduce its operating costs whilst targeting the young population with their soft drink crossing. When esteeming the physical resources in India, the MNC unavoidably to consider the poor infrastructure in the country and how rural some of the beas are.It would not be advised to enter the market in east/ neon India unless selling cheap bottled water because the area is very rural and poor and there is only re altogethery a market for selling healthy, clean and clean water (Soft Drinks in India, 2011). However, south India would be a much more promising area to invest in to and the MNC would pack better communication channel opportunities here. Confed erate India benefits from a much more affluent population of young, employed people, who in recent years have become much more health-conscious, which has led to an emergence of 24% in market sales (Soft Drinks in India, 2011).If the MNC were to invest in India, concentrating on one area to insure they reach the correct target audience, southerly India would be ideal to bring out a range of waters and juices to attract the young, health-conscious population there. Carbonated drinks should not be considered at research by Euromonitor (2011) stress the saturation of the market by mega b toilets such as Coca Cola and the learn for healthier bottled, soft drinks. These withal relate to the social and environmental fields of the PESTLE flummox.Porters National adamant request Conditions In India, there is an increasing demand for healthy and hygienic soft drinks but sports drinks will remain to be the most rapidly growing sector collectable to the popularity of sports with young Indians (Soft Drinks in India, 2011). The research from Euromonitor (2011) states that Indians have moved away from carbonated drinks due to the rising health consciousness, and have started to purchase more water and fruit and vegetable juices.For the MNC to compete against the increasing inter issue competition, they would need to think g topically. Glocalisation entails local and world-wide activities acting simultaneously, where they would think globally and act locally (Glocalisation, no date). By adapting to the local environment, the MNC could gain a competitive advantage as an international brand as they would appear to render in to account the local surroundings of their brand and they are more likely to be successful as they would be selling a product that the local Indians would want.The MNC should internationalise to respond to the megatrend of competitors, which is a deterministic force, and then compete with adaptation of their product to suit the local surroundin gs in India. The strategy the MNC should consider after analysing the demand conditions is to consider both price and value together. They should differentiate themselves from separate soft drink suppliers by passing a strong brand that young Indians are conscious of (Soft Drinks in India, 2011) but also an acceptable price.Although there is a huge poor population in India, if the MNC were to target Southern India as suggested after looking at the actor conditions, research by the Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs (2011) depict a large and growing middle-class population of India that have a disposable income of between $4,166-$20,833 per year this suggests that they could price their product in correspondence with the other brands as there is a growing population of richer Indians.Also by offering benefits of a brand and a health-conscious drink that is in high demand at the moment, they can concentrate on focussing on that one area of India where they could possibly dom inate the market in a smaller area. Porters National Diamond Firm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry With regards to structure of firms, the MNC will have to consider how different India is in damage of how they do business compared to Europe. In India, the volume of organisations have a strong hierarchical structure, with one authoritarian leader at the top (World Business Culture, 2011).When commit in to the Indian market it is recommended to approach business in the same hierarchical structure that India have as it is indisputably acknowledged. If they were to enter the market dealing with business in a more democratic, flat manner, how Europe would normally deal with business, they are unlikely to thrive. In terms of rivalry, there appears to be a lot of competition from other brands of soft drinks. Bisleri holds the largest amount of market share with 23. 6% in 2010 however this is the main seller of clean, hygienic water in India (Soft Drinks in India, 2011).After this, Coca Co la and Pepsi with all their sub-brands hold high shares in the market in India. If the MNC were to invest in to the Indian market, the strategy they would have to take would be to introduce a untested soft drink that promotes sustainable benefits of being a healthy, branded, bottled soft drink that is different from the sample carbonates that the international, long-familiar brands offer. By differentiating their product and adapting it to the local environment in India, the MNC will gain competitive advantage.Porters National Diamond Related and Supporting Industries Soft drinks are sweetened with sugar (Beverage Health, 2010) and India is the second largest producer of this commodity in the world (Sugar Supply and Demand, 2010). This would be a benefit to the MNC as a main subdivision to soft drinks is readily available and will be cheaper rather than importing it from other countries. Plastic is also heavily involved when packaging soft drinks, through a third party factory.Lu ckily for the MNC, India has had a high development of their machinery which can prepare high-quality plastic products, including bottles (Indian Plastic Portal 2009). By having plastic bottlers locally available, the MNC will have an advantage on being able to easily be supplied the service however the price at which they purchase the plastic bottles for their soft drink product could be expensive due to the competition of other, more established brands such as Coca Cola. Porters National Diamond Role of Chance The role of chance could invalidate the advantages of investing in the market in India at any time.Chance events that could require the MNC introducing a newfangled soft drink in India could include wellhead-established brands like Coca Cola or Pepsi creating a new product which young Indians are more likely to be swayed towards due to brand loyalty another(prenominal) chance event could be new health awareness campaigns that may affect a young individuals view on bottle d soft drinks. There are constantly rising issues concerning health and the amount of sugar young people consume which could seriously harm the reputation and also the sales that the MNC could potentially make when entering the Indian Market.Also factors such as sailing prices in sugar or limited water supply could dramatically affect the manufacture and production of soft drinks. Porters National Diamond Role of Government Currently, India is considered at a low-cost option for organisations to invest in to with its strong domestic market, high savings rates and positive demographic trend (World Business Culture 2011), however, this could quickly change as Indias government could, at any time, implement new tax laws, quality archetype laws or changes in antitrust laws which could alter the ease of entering in to the Indian marketplace for soft drinks.The MNC must take in to account and assess all the different policies and laws for foreign markets to invest to ensure they can ope rate their business properly. Issues that may arise in this determinant will also fleet in the PESTLE model if the MNC were to undertake this from of country analysis. Porters Five Forces Buyer Power Research by Datamonitor (2010) suggests that buyer power is moderate at heart the current soft drink suppliers in India as they sell not only to independent retailers but they sell their concentrates to bottling companies.However, the buyer power for a new brand of soft drink in India could affect the MNC profusely this is due to the fact that the consumers will already have brand loyalty to the well-known and well established soft drink brands in India. The buyers would have to have an incentive to purchase the new product over something they are already employ to and like therefore having a relatively strong power over the new entrant. Supplier Power Due to the fact that most ingredients of soft drink products are commodities means that supplier power is reasonably low and these co mmodities are readily available, for example sugar (Datamonitor 2010).Water, which is also a main component call for for the manufacture of a soft drink product, could be a paradox in India as the sanitation of the water can be a problem and the supply is not always constant (India Development indemnity Review, 2007). Finally, supplier power from plastic packaging companies is growing due to the rise in awareness of environmentally friendly packaging (Datamonitor, 2010). New Entrants If the MNC were to invest in to India, to ensure they were successful, they will need to ensure that they concentrate on differentiating and adapting their product to the area and from other brands (Datamonitor, 2010).Research by Euromonitor (2011) also suggest that by having a strong brand name and by using national figures to advertise the brand, a new entrant to the soft drinks market in India will thrive. From this, it suggests that there is a market for new entrants as long as the product is dif ferentiated and well distinguished from the other products that already exist. Datamonitor also recommend that a new entrant should stress the health benefits of their product to attract more consumers. SubstitutesThere is a reasonable threat from substitute products in the soft drink market in India. Research by Datamonitor (2010) depicts the larger brands like Parle Bisleri to be a higher(prenominal) threat as they offer other kinds of confectionary products as well as a wide range of soft drinks and the substitutes are able to stored differently (on shelves at room temperature). Datamonitor recommends that leading brands, as they have a diverse range of products, can reduce the risk of the substitutes on their performance. RivalryResearch by Datamonitor (2010) gives attest that the marketplace for soft drinks in India is concentrated with the top three players (Parle Bisleri, Coca Cola and Pepsi) holding 74. 1% of the market volume. These brands not only offer standard carbonate d soft drinks and bottled water but speciality bottled teas and coffees. Therefore, if the MNC were to enter in to the Indian soft drink market, to remain a competitive brand, they would need to offer an adapted product to attract new consumers and draw them away from the well-established brands they know well. The Diffusion Curve.(Pearce, 2011) India as a whole would be placed in sector late majority due to the whole population of India being respectively poor with a GDP of only $1190 (World Business Culture, 2010). This means that they would purchase the product but maybe not straight away, when it is released, they will start to consume when the soft drink has become much cheaper. However, in a much more affluent area like South India where there is a population of young professionals with brand consciousness (Euromonitor, 2011) the population would be within the early majority sector.This is due to the fact that younger, wealthier people are more likely to want to try out new pr oducts when they see others consuming them and also feel the need to try out new products if the benefits and brands are well advertised to them (Euromonitor, 2011). Recommendations After assessing the market for soft drinks in India, it would be recommended for the MNC to invest in to this attractive marketplace. It is grave for the MNC to internationalise its operations to diversify themselves, to respond to foreign competition and to take advantage from lower costs and increased technological expertise.However, there are many factors to consider when entering the market in India firstly, the MNC must take in to account how diverse the nation is. As mentioned before, the population is huge and it would be bestial to make any generalisations therefore it would be a sensible idea for the MNC to only enter the market in one area of the country, for example southern India. It has been discussed that southern India is a much more affluent area of India, in which are many young, emplo yed Indians who should be the target audience for the MNC as they are accessible and sustainable.Secondly, the competitors in this area must be considered. In order to be successful in investing in to India, it would be sensible for the MNC to create a product that is not standardised but adapted to the needs and likes of the population in this area. The MNC should conduct some research in to what kinds of flavours and tastes that are best-loved in order to create a product that would thrive in Southern India. It is also very important for the MNC to create a product in which the health benefits are a main factor of their soft drink.Throughout the research in this feasibility study, it has been stressed that there is a need from consumers for a soft drink where the health benefits are highlighted as although the carbonated soft drink market is booming (Euromonitor, 2011) it is saturated with other competitors therefore, the MNC should compete through specialty and offering benefits of their healthier soft drink product. Overall, the MNC has the chance of being successful when investing in to Indian soft drink market.They need to be on the alert when dealing with business with them, ensuring they have conducted enough research in to how they do business as it is very different to Europe, as said before, they deal with business in a hierarchical and authoritarian way. However the foreign environment is uncontrollable and the MNC has no control over the macro environment, so they must ensure to fully understand the marketplace and how India operates with foreign investors. Critical Evaluation of Porters National DiamondPorters National Diamond is draw as a methodological approach to analyse the most current industry occurrences and competitive status, and to identify emerging issues and opportunities for successful market development (Batra, M et al, 2009). The adamant is used to investigate an organisations ability to compete in international markets by look ing at four different components factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries and strategy, structure and rivalry.Secondary to these four determinants, porter stresses the need for considering the role of chance and the role of the government in order to have a sound analysis of the competitive advantage of nations. Porters national competitive advantage system suggests that a countrys competiveness within a certain industry will depend on the whether or not the industry has the room to innovate and advance (Wild, 2011, p177). Porters diamond is mainly concerned with how and why certain countries are more competitive in different industries.His theory amalgamates the two different denominations of international trade theory from country based theories such as mercantilism and comparative advantage, and also firm based theories such as product life cycle and national competitive advantage (Griffin, 2007, p164) There are many advantages of using Porters Nat ional Diamond it allows an organisation to asses and analyse a country, covering all necessary areas to think about, ensuring that it would be a successful country to invest in to. It ensures that the organisation takes in to account everything they need to when considering investing in another country.Although it is only a forecast, if the organisations thinks about all assertable occurrences and fully assesses all the components, it should give them an extensive knowledge and assertion that they are making a favorable investment. Another advantage is that it is academically renowned and used by many organisations and governments across the world. However, Porters National Diamond has been criticised for many reasons firstly it suggests that any role of government is negative, where it could be positive and encourage foreign investments and make domestic industries less competitive (Hadjidakis, 2007, p88).The role of chance is also too difficult to predict as any environment can change very rapidly and unexpectedly. According to Dickens (2007, p187) the diamond compresses too much complex and intricate information in to a four-pointed diamond model and this is not enough to be able to measure the national competitiveness of a country adequately. It has also been argued that porters model lacks any distinct definition of the four determinants which in turn, will reduce the predictive power and accuracy of the diamond model (Grant, 1991).Within international business management, when applying Porters national diamond, it should be ensured to consider every single aspect that Porter recommends in to major feature to ensure a forecast for investment is as accurate as possible. The different aspects of the diamond should be developed as much as possible so that international competitiveness is driven to thrive and succeed.Reference List Background to Business in India (2011) operable at http//www. worldbusinessculture. com/Indian-Business-Style. html (Accesse d 10 January 2012).Batra, M. , Niehm, L. (2009), An chance analysis framework for apparel retailing in India economic, social, and cultural considerations for international retail firms, Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 287-300 Beverage Health (2010) Available at http//www. beveragehealth. org. au/scripts/cgiip. exe/WService=ASP0017/ccms. r? PageId=10053 (Accessed 12 January 2012) BSCAA (2009), Background note India, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, Available at www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm (Accessed 10 January 2012) Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs (2011) Background Note India. Available at http//www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454. htmecon (Accessed 10 January 2012) Dickens, P. (2007) Global Shift subprogram the challenging contours of the world economy. 5th edn. Sage Publications London. Grant, R. M. (1991), Porters competitive advantage of nations an assessment, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 12 No. 7, pp. 535-48. Griffin, R. (2007) International Business A Managerial Perspective. 5th edn.Pearson Upper Saddle River. Glocalisation (no date) Available at http//rija-rasoava. weebly. com/glocalisation. html (Accessed 10 January 2012) Hadjidakis, S. Katsioloudes, M. (2007) International Business A Global Perspective. Elsevier. India Development Policy Review (2007) Available at http//web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK20980493pagePK146736piPK146830theSitePK223547,00. html (Accessed 12 January 2012) Indian Plastic Portal (2009) Available at http//www. indianplasticportal.com/plastic-industry-overview/ (Accessed 12 January 2012) Mann, M. Byun, S. (2011).Accessing opportunities in apparel retail sectors in India Porters diamond approach. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 15, 2. Available at http//www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? articleid=1926550&show=htmlb7 (Accessed 10 January 2012) Pearce, A. (2011) Week 9 performance Strategy and International Value Chain. The diffusion curve Online.Available at https//elp. northumbria. ac. uk/webapps/portal/frameset. jsp?tab_id=_2_1&url=%2fwebapps%2fblackboard%2fexecute%2flauncher%3ftype%3dCourse%26id%3d_223681_1%26url%3d (Accessed 14 January 2012) Soft Drinks Industry compose India (2011) Available at http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=5&hid=24&sid=89a8abec-1124-46fa-8180-57eef84e8a7d%40sessionmgr4 (Accessed 10 January 2012).Soft Drinks in India (2011) Available at http//www. portal. euromonitor. com/Portal/Pages/Search/SearchResultsList. aspx (Accessed 10 January 2012) Sugar Supply and Demand (2010) Available at http//www. spectrumcommodities. com/education/commodity/statistics/sugar. html.

Health and Hygiene

Hygiene is an essential component of healthy living, integral to achieving health and preventing disease. Not just selecting the right food choices but to a fault cooking & consuming them in a hygienic way is equ each(prenominal)y important in preventing the infectious diseases. Adopting hygienic practices and promoting hygiene in the community, schools and workplace prevents countless infectious disease.Some of the infectious diseases prevented through hygienic practices are diarrhoea, amoebiasis, giardiasis, worm infections, typhoid, jaundice, bacterial pharyngitis, skin infections, tuberculosis, conjunctivitis etc. Many chronic diseases have withal been linked to infections, especially unhygienic food, gastric ulcers, certain types of cancers and there is some evidence for cardiovascular disease.Following are some points, which should be inculcated in everyday life. Wash hands thoroughly with soap after urination, after using the toilet and also after changing diapers, Wash y our hands with soap and urine after handling pets Before touching any food item, wash your hands with soap and water. Keep nails short and sluttish. Clean & Trim the nails of both hands. Your hairsbreadth should be tied when you cook. Preferably the cooking area and the area used for washing utensils should be separate and dedicated for that purpose and not connected to the bathrooms or any other source of potential faecal matter like washing clothes. Kitchen should be well lighted & ventilated (with either chimney/ trounce fan) & with meshed windows. The cooking and eating area should be preferably elevated. Keep the cooking, washing, and utility area and kitchen clothes clean. The kitchen surface and the floor should be regularly cleaned. Additionally, clean the kitchen in the night. Kitchens left dirty in the night tend to attract pests which are carriers of infection. Cover all foods, cooked as well as uncooked, at all times. If a house fly or any insect has even fleet ingly sat on a food item, then, that food item needs to be discarded. Protect the kitchen & food items from insects, pests & other animals.

Advertising and Promotion Essay

After first reading the entire exam, thoroughly resultant each es enounce question consistent with the Writing Across the Curriculum plane section below. Save your work in DOC, DOCX, or RTF format with your last hang in the title. Upload your exam document to the course Dropbox no later than Sunday 1159 PM EST/EDT. You must confirm supremacyful upload. deep exam submissions will receive a grade of zero. Questions (25 touchs each) 1.As an awaycome of the Module 1 Discussion, identify and describe what the class as a substantial (a) found to be the top four dialogue management problems commonly associated with advertize and procession, and (b) found to be the top solutions to these communication management problems. Why is it all important(predicate) to apply the Saint Leo core place of community when working with your peers (both in the classroom and in the work environment)? Give an example of how the core value was applied in the discussion. 2. Outline and explain the k ey outcomes of the research represented in the assigned mobile publicize article.3. Comp be (cite and explain relevant similarities) and secernate (cite and explain relevant hitched differences) the services get rid ofered by the pursuit publicizing agencies Strawberry Frog, DDB Worldwide, and Exile on 7th. 4. Compargon (cite and explain relevant similarities) and contrast (cite and explain pointed differences) TV and radio as advertising media. 5. Compargon and contrast the value of bleakspapers and magazines as advertising media given the current external merchandise environment (economic, legal, accessible, cultural, etc.). 6. secernate and explain the chief challenges confronting mobile advertising. Writing Across the Curriculum Please be reminded that all written assignments in this course (including examinations) require formal writing, i. e. , metre line English as employed in the typical executive management suite. Given the importance of proper business communic ation by follow the hang of business administration, examination submissions exhibiting errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and executive business style will be grade penalized.References regarding grammar usage and style recommended by the School of Business ar Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style and Shertzers The Elements of Grammar. Saint Leo University administration and Board of Trustees promise the public that we argon following Benedictine values, not the least of which are excellence and integrity. Please acquit yourself in this course consistent with these values. Grades will necessarily suffer if one does not be turn out in congruity with these values.It deserves repeating plagiarism of any kind, intentional or unintentional, is treated with great concern at Saint Leo University. Plagiarism must be describe to the executive administration. A hearing will then be scheduled to advance the investigation into charges of plagiarism. It is better to be excessive i n citing sources by dint of with(predicate)out the clay of a paper than to risk the charge of plagiarism. A Reference section must conclude all written work in which sources require citing. Shintaro, O. , & Barwise, P. (2011). Has the age Finally Come for the Medium of the Future? Journal Of Advertising Research, 515 9-71.Advertising and Promotion EssayIntroductionAdvertising and publicity are percent of selling which are really important. Without advertising and promotion the company cannot communicate the heart of their harvest-tide to the target nodes. Through advertising the organisations use mass media to communicate the content to a large group of people. This can also be said as above the line promotion. Below the line promotion includes when the organisation is instanter involved such as direct mailing and telecommunication. The assignment has been done on extensive research work to find out the unlike strategies apply by organisation for advertising and promoti on. The advantages and disadvantages, the competitive edge, etc. Requirement 11.1Advertising as we know is when there is the usage of paid announcement through media specially to make for in to attention of the people the knowledge of some product or service. Any medium that can take a sum from an association to a potential purchaser can be utilized for promoting. Obviously, the most easy known media are TV, print ( free-and-easy paper, magazines, and so on.), radio, and the Internet. TV is easily known in view of its vast range, however it is additionally exorbitant. The 2012 Super Bowl was viewed by in excess of 111 million individuals, and organizations that needed a 30-second business amid that game paid a normal of $3.5 million. The communication service involves the followingSource A source is managewise alluded to as an sender. The sender has a message to pass on to others. The sender can be anybody from a disgrace specia magnetic dip (in a significant company, for ex ample, Nike or Budweiser) to a businessperson in a more diminutive association. Now and again, famous people are utilized to underwrite items and go about as an issue for the item. It is constantly vital to avow that the source is solid and reliable. An neighboring(a) source can be a sales representative conveying a message around an item. A verifying source utilizes a well known open figure to attract thoughtfulness regarding an item.Encode The source encodes or makes an interpretation of thoughts into a message. Case in point, a brand director chooses to promote some other item.Message After characterizing the target advertise, the advertiser outlines a viable message that will accomplish the communication objectives.Recipient The beneficiary is the individual or gathering with whom the sender endeavours to impart thoughts. Advertisers need a reaction, the responses of the recipient, in the wake of being presented to the message for instance, a node getting the message abou t the new item.Translate The recipient deciphers or translates the message. For a message to be decoded by a beneficiary the railroad carriage it was expect by the sender, the sender and receiver need to have regular encounters. As such, a recipient may not interpret a message the way it was proposed to on the off chance that her background and experience vary significantly from the senders. A tradeer has to be sensitive to the think audience. hoo-ha Noise meddles with or upsets compelling correspondence. This can incorporate a poor TV or radio signal.Feedback Feedback is checking and assessing how precisely the expected message is consistently gotten. This is possible by directing statistical surveying. Basically, this includes inquiring as to whether they have seen the message, on the off chance that they review the message, and what their attitude was towards the product. There are various channels that companies uses in order to communicate their goods or services to cust omers in the market. BMW for instance uses BMW website, magazine, newspaper, foxiness shows, billboard, etc. (Elearningportal.com, 2013)1.2Promotion is a part of the marketing business. Basically, if marketing can be considered as the methodology of bringing an item or service to the consideration of purchasers, marketing is the selection of methodologies to keep the product or service in the personalities of buyers and arouse keepd demand for it. In marketing sales, distribution and target market are closely linked with promotion and advertising. There are a fewer potential roads of actions that the marketing group can use.Advertising may emphasize in one or more media stations, including TV, film theaters, print media, for example, daily papers and magazines, and online entries. Organizations might likewise distribute posters, announcements and pamphlets to promote their items. An product or service is liable to have one sort of notice for its dispatch, and may have diverse adv erts that constitute the ongoing promotion campaign. These later adverts may specify grants that the product or service has won, or confirmation of past sales successIt is the centralized system that runs the organization of ad and promotion. There are varied level of hierarchy who work together to make this pains successful. The organization includes advertising and marketing managers, directors, sales agents, staff from finance section, etc. The media works very closely with the advertising and promoting. There are agencies that are in charge of the production of these advertisements and their distribution. There are also collateral service come throughrs. For instance for BMW there are artists, painters, photographers, directors, who support the advertising. (Kotlar et al., 2005)1.1 Assess how promotion is regulated (P1.3)The regulation of activities of promotion relies on the risks and likely effect of marketing. In some cases the company may withdraw their promotional cam paign as because it may have potential risk, instead of doing good, it could bring about more catastrophic events (Bagwell, 2007). Formal authorization activities are likewise instrument for managing promotions. Analytical work is carried out to recognize if there is a marketing issue being overlooked. They may concentrate in deceptive message, error of message, adequacy of pages and profit on promotional investments.On reading the case believe of BMW it is seen that they changed and strengthened their promotional approach in 2005 after a research study on extravagance auto purchasers. The promotional action at law transformed its regulative directionsto assemble new brand picture. In the wake of finding that their message is not being accurately seen by purchasers BMW strengthened and enlisted another notice org in May, 2006. Who supplanted the organizations overemphasis on performance driving in the course of recent geezerhood with the idea organization of thoughts Thus regula tory tools are machine-accessible to control the stream and impact of promotional activities. .1.4The universe of promoting and advertising is changing and the patterns of the business are extending, adjusting and developing as customers change. The key is to staying on top of things and using an alternate level of considering products, groups, organizations and promoting channels accessible.Mobile Marketing Yes, this trendy expression was thrown around a considerable measure in recent years yet its at last turning into a need, being put into improvement and being advanced. Publicizing on cell phones is going to increase exponentially not long from now as cell phones keep on becoming a top technique for correspondence between buyers. disregarding of what industry, the measure of the business or different components, mobile advertising specialists will be looked for after more than ever.Interactive Banner Ads Individuals hear the expression, banner advertisements and flinch. They are a bad dream for buyers and advertisers. Customers scorn that they take up the page and advertisers cant get individuals to click on them. Be that as it may, what everybody knows is that they are an extraordinary source of product placement right in the middle of your target markets website..What were starting to see is that advertisers are make banner of things their intended focus group require to see and needs to recall. Basically, organizations are making their advertisements the feature story. As opposed to controlling buyers to their sites, they utilize synergistic marketing segments to make these promotions shareable by means of social media.Local Advertising Local advertising, in short, portrays promoting that purchasers arent altogether mindful that they are cosmopolitanly presented to on the grounds that it is flawlessly incorporated into how individuals use specific mediums. tricky for advertisers to attempt to evaluate how to discretely make their advertisemen ts would appear to be a piece of the substance on the page the client is survey, yet imaginative promoting has truly taken off in this business sector and its fame is expanding exponentially among the promoting and advertising industry.Brands Look beyond Fans and Likes This point is about understanding the motivation behind diverse social networking outlets, discovering which ones suits their target group beaver and realizing what purchasers use it for. At last, organizations understand that piece of the overall industry cant be measured by the quantity of preferences on a Face book page or supporters of whatever other social media. Organizations are using collaboration, correspondence and content sharing. (Infinitee, 2013)Requirement 22.1We all know that marketing is a broad subject advertisement is just another element of it. We have discussed before that advertising is closely connected with media. There are different types of advertisement which severe different types of purpos e in the care for of communicating message via media to potential target markets. Marketing being broad has various tools apart from advertising such as public relations, direct marketing, digital marketing, promotion, etc. The various forms of media which are employ for the purpose of advertisement are T.V, radio, newspapers, magazines, internet, SMS, etc. In order to pass on the brand message it is very important to choose the curb media. When the intention is to reach out to large group of people it is perfect to use advertising.Role of marketing can be interpreted as use of appropriate strategy is vital for marketing mangers to get the right message to the right customers using tools such as promotions, product price and distribution. In order todetermine the most productive and effective communicational vehicle, it is necessary to understand the importance of the promotional strategy. In order for advertising to be a effective tool for a promotional strategy, it is necessary to understand the characteristic of the potential customers and hence a series of move needs to be carried out.Following are some Segmentation In order to make communication via advertising more effective it is essential to divide the customers in to different groups. If it is unknown to whom the message is intended to, it may not get any response at al. Once it is known who the advertisement message is intended for, there needs to be further drilling to know more. In this scenario the marketers go in for research and surveying, etc. Targeting In order for advertisement to get the best response it is necessary to know that communication is being made to the right segment. Targeting plans should closely be related to marketing objectives. Other important steps include positioning and messaging.2.2Branding is more than simply a business trendy expression. It has turned into the must of selling in the new economy. On the off chance that the old promoting mantra was, Nothing happens u ntil some individual sells something, the new rationality could be Nothing happens until someone brands something. in its most straightforward structure, a brand is like a name. It is the name appended to an product or service. However it may be, brand is more related to the physical aspects of products or services for example, color, image, status, quality, etc. It plays physiologically in the minds of the customers, gives them a perception of the product or service.In short, a brand offers the client a certification and then delivers on it. You might infer, then, that if you instal a powerful brand, automatically it becomes possible to make strong marketing programs. Nonetheless, on the off chance that you cant persuade customers that your product is deserving and worthy of purchasing, no other measures such as fancy packaging or public relations will help to achieve sales goal. palmy branding programs are characterized by good quality product and services accompanies by good c ustomer service which boosts the functioning of the entire organization.2.3When it comes to creativity in advertising, it basically means what to say and how to say it. The message in the advertising is very important. Thus, what to say is the message that will be passed on to the potential clients. How to say it on the other hand is basically the appropriate format that is to be used for the message. There are many creative specialist who are assume in the organization who deals with the creative aspect of advertising. Most companies these days pass on the work of the creative aspect of the advertising to advertising agencies. These agencies either hire specialists or has their own team of specialists. There are various steps which are involved in the creative design process which is also used by BMW. Following are the stepsa) Decision regarding objective of advertisements.b) Gathering of necessary information customers, products and competitors.c) Production of brand new ideas b y creative specialist.d) approbation of these ideas by the managers of marketing and advertising.e) Coming to decision regarding the content of the message, message format, layout, etc.f) Testing and final check before the launching of the advertisement. The message in the advertisement has to be appealing to the desired customers. Ad appeal can be of many different types. It normally depends on what kind of message is the marketers most are direction on. For instance they may want to say how high quality the product is or how low priced it is, etc. (Mukesh and Ranju, 2011)2.4Projects initiate in one department and when their work is done, it is passed on to the next. Organizations these days intentionally hire advertising agencies in order for the advertising work to be more promising and strong.Four Tips to workings Successfully with Your Advertising AgencyOnce the agency of choice is selected by the business, it is necessary to know how you would expand that relationship. How w ould you function adequately with your organization group to control your advertising project is the best it can be? Consider these four tips for an effective orgcustomer relationship.Set clear objectives.Plot what achievement looks like at each stage as your org creates your promoting arrangements. Without clear objectives, it is difficult to judge the adequacy of promotions, outlines, mottos, or any piece of your campaign. set about true your subprogram is mindful of what you would like to perform with your system and characterize a particular estimation of achievement, whether regarding new clients, call-backs or strict deals.Cover the budget bases.Nothing jeopardizes a positive vendor relationship like squabbles over cash. Work with your advertising agency to set a particular plan for each one piece of your promoting campaign and in addition a general plan for advertising your business. Likewise, audit individual assessments for particular plan and printing tasks, office pr omoting missionary stations and managerial expenses.Establish specific beatlines.Make sure you and your group are mindful of the proposed timetable of dispatch for your advertising program and additionally transitional dates for improvement paving the way to dispatch. React immediately when your office needs data from you to execute components of your fight, and catch up rapidly with sealing and asked for amendments. (H. Montgomery, 2011)Requirement 33.1Any techniques which are intended directly for the customers and are well within the control of the customers can be called as below the line promotions. Below the line promotion includes techniques which are creative and interesting meant for the targeted customers. BMW has used various below the line promotions to gain many customers.a) Public relations Thisinvolves various public activities. In order to get the attention of political parties worldwide and general public, BMW has created and donated to many charities. Activities as such has given them wide recognition, which is apart from the recognition they get from quality cars which they produce.b) Direct marketing This is a form of marketing where the customers are reached out directly through flyers, leaflets. BMW does take part in this kind of direct marketing but not to a large extent. They usually do this when they represent them self in trade fairs and exhibitions.c) Internet Internet as it does not need much introduction has become widely popular in the last decade. Internet is used to mainly use to reach out to various target groups. BMW has cars which vary in class, sizes, color and prices. Different customers have different preference. Internet is used as a medium of promotion to reach these messages to different target groups. It is also a medium to get feedback from clients.d) Events Events include exhibitions and trade fairs. In these kind of events products are directly showcased, where the people can try the products or services and gain detailed knowledge about it. This is method of providing immediate good perception of the product or service in the mind of potential customers.e) promotional campaigns Companies includes certain number of individuals who widely participate in promoting the company. They usually design and execute campaigns. (Businesscasestudies.co.uk, 2013)3.2Following are other techniques which can be used as below the line promotional techniques entrance to-Door MarketingDoor to brink promoting takes selling to an personal level, and this is a standout amongst the most well-known manifestations of below the line promotion. This procedure obliges profoundly prepared sales staff that knows how to construct customer relationship and can walk that barely recognizable difference of being tenacious without being irritating. Most door to door promoting campaigns allows the person doing it some commission on the sales, so forthright expenses can be kept low and salesmen have more motivation to make sal es. Most common door to door promoting is in the case of insurance companies.Exterior Location MarketingExterior location marketing includes driving enthusiasm to an event or sale through the key utilization of employees set outside the area. Ordinarily, these systems incorporate sandwich-board style promotions or actually sprucing up the employee in an outfit to attract more attention on the location. These workers may remain nearby the street, getting the consideration of passing drivers. While this system is not frequently utilized, it can be helpful for small organizations, restaurants and car dealers. Thus, dealers dealing with BMW cars can be provided with incentives to do such activities to increase their sales.Email MarketingEmail marketing can likewise be a manifestation of below the line promoting if your organization directs the campaign all alone. You are speaking specifically with the buyer through this manifestation of promoting and can steer them to a point of arrival where they can take in more about what you are putting forth. This thus provides for you the capacity to measure campaign effectiveness. Email promoting is for the most part economical, and results can be great if the email rundown is focused on fresh and follows double opt-in guidelines Double opt-in refers to the process where consumers have to confirm their subscription to an email list before emails can be sent to them. (K. McFerlin, 2014)Requirement 44.1Surviving in the market is not easy for the company. For companies to be prosperous they have to continue to attract and serve targeted customers within their budget. Hence budget for promotional strategy is very important. Following are some of the steps involved in the process of formulation of appropriate budget for promotional strategy a) Observing market climate Market can be unpredictable at time. Trends move in and out very quickly. Companys market department has their eyes like eagles on themarket. They are constantly on the look for the that little feast which they can fill in. They are always looking for windows of opportunity. Not observing the market climate can leave them way behind, furthermore not having a appropriate budget estimation.b) Evaluating brand weakness and strength This is important as because no brand is perfect. Even sometimes when a brand is created by the best of marketing managers, it may not be accepted well by the public or targeted groups. Hence, not keeping anything set in mind, marketers are always looking to find those weaknesses which they can improve on.c) Creating competitive marketing strategy What sets your product, service and organization separated from your competitors? What quality do you give and how is it not instead the same as the plan B? Competitive strategies is about characterizing how youll separate your offering and make esteem for your business sector. Its about cutting out a spot in the competitive scene, putting your stake in the ground, and wi nning mindshare in the commercial marketplace being known for a certain something d) Up to date plans As the name suggests, plans are necessary to be on time rather than behind time for the estimation of appropriate budget. e) acquire feedback One of the most important thing as without feedback companies cannot know where they stand. (MarketingMO.com, 2014)4.2An promotion plan diagrams the limited time instruments or strategies you want to use to achieve your promoting goals. To the new or unpractised advertiser, the promotion plan may be mixed up as the whole promoting arrangement on the grounds that it plots where most of the advertising plan will be used. It is, nonetheless, only one part of the advertising plan there are extra procedure and arranging segments portrayed in a marketing plan.You may decide to incorporate the accompanying components in your promotion planThe significant segment to your Promotion Plan is the portrayal (or posting) of the aforethought(ip) promotio nal tactics you plan to use.Anticipated expenses for the year. Estimate your expenses as precisely as could be expected under the circumstances.Demonstrate the Relationship between the Promotional Tactics and Marketing ObjectivesShow the Relationship between the Promotional Tactics and Marketing Objectives Refer to or list again relevant objectives from the Marketing Objectives section of your marketing plan and point out how you will accomplish them using the promotion plan (Smallbusinessnotes, n.d)And appropriate promotional plan for BMQ product would incorporate the followinga) Define specific objectiveb) Distribution plan and targeted customers.c) Creating a theme to make it unique.d) Creating a supporting message with the product.e) Most important of all hiring a professional promotional consultant.4.3The integration of promotional techniques such as price incentives for a business or product must focus on the needs of the market, the condition and elasticity of demand, need fo r price incentives, and consumer responses towards price incentives (Dimitropoulos, 2012). A luxurious product such as BMW may use promotional technique of focusing on research and development for innovating new product features. Setting high prices also positions the product and represents it as a status symbol in consumers mind. Thus the integration of promotional techniques such as setting high price, branded entertainment, high performance, exclusivity eventually formulates an overall promotional strategy. However if not communicated powerful or if the techniques are conflicting the brand message will be misinterpreted by consumers. Overemphasizing or underemphasizing features or overlooking the actual consumer needs should be avoided (Terence, 2010)An appropriate plan for the integration of promotional techniques for BMWhas the following steps to be incorporated a) Assess the marketing communication opportunities for BMW. For example understanding the needs of the target marke t b) Determining the mode of communication that is going to be used for BMW. Example using intermediaries or selling products directly in BMW show room. c) Determine promotion mix. Gathering resources for sales promotion, adverting and publicity. d) Developing promotional budget. Gathering financial resource to afford the plan. e) Determining campaign effectiveness. Using various tools, like project judgement techniques, analysis of the situation, etc to understand the viability.4.4Promotion is not a definite science. Theres no exact approach to measure the achievement of a promotion campaigns. You cant, for instance, decide what number of sales cash are created by each one promoting cost used. However there are strategies that will provide for you a harsh thought of whether your promotions are hitting the imprint.Verify you have clear promoting goals. You may need to help business generally, however your destination ought to be more particular to increase sales of a new product or service, to assemble attention to your organization, to increase volume amid a certain time period, or to stretch your business in a specific market.To evaluate the viability of your promoting campaign, you can monitor sales, new clients, demands for information, telephone request, retail location activity, site movement, or navigate rates. Utilize these strategies to gauge the force of the promotion campaignA straightforward approach to tell if your campaign is working is to track retail activity by tallying the individuals who enter your store. Bear in mind to monitor activity before you begin the promotion campaign, so youll have a premise for correlation. Whats more ask new clients how they came to know about the business. (Smallbusinessnotes,n.d)Referencesa) Kotler, Veronica, Saunders (2005). Principles of Marketing. 4th ed. London Prentice hall. 34-56. b) elearnportal. (2013). Marketing Communications Process. Available http//www.elearnportal.com/courses/business/advertising/ advertising-marketing-communications-process. finishing accessed 25/11/14. c) Infinitee. (2013). 5 Advertising and Marketing Trends for 2013.Available http//www.infinitee.com/advertising-and-marketing-blog/bid/62829/5-Advertising-and-Marketing-Trends-for-2013. ultimately accessed 25/11/14. d) Mukesh and Ranju (2011). Advertising and sales management. New Delhi V. K Enterprise. 55-67. e) H. Montgomery. (2009). Tips for Working effectively with an Advertising Agency. Available http//www.brighthub.com/office/entrepreneurs/articles/52999.aspx. Last accessed 25/11/14. f) Business case studies. (2013). Using promotion to campaign for public services. Available http//businesscasestudies.co.uk/unison/using-promotion-to-campaign-for-public-services/below-the-line-promotion.htmlaxzz3K7hwVrCA. Last accessed 25/11/14. g) K. McFerlin. (2014). Examples of Below-the-Line Advertising. Available http//smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-belowtheline-advertising-10099.html. Last accessed 26/11/14. h) MarketingMO. (2014). Competitive Positioning. Available http//www.marketingmo.com/strategic-planning/competitive-positioning/. Last accessed 26/11/14. i) Smallbusinessnotes. (n.d). Promotion Plan. Available http//www.smallbusinessnotes.com/marketing-your-business/promotion-plan.html. Last accessed 26/11/14.