Ilo Decent Work Agenda And Informal Economy Benefits Economics Essay

Ilo Decent Work Agenda And In courtly Economy Benefits Economics EssayThe loose parsimony outline to include every last(predicate) sparing units that be not set by the state and tout ensemble economically active persons who do not receive friendly protection through their tend (ILO 2002), is as perennial and ubiquitous as human society. Discourse on it however, came to light in the early seventies with versatile studies in third world countries. Notwithstanding its inescapable nature, conceptualization and definition has been a problem for policy makers as well as those inwardly academia. innumerable debates have come up on the issue with diverse views and remedies some view casual counterfeiters as a nuisance to be eliminated or regulated others see them as a vulnerable group to be assisted through social policies still others view them as entrepreneurs to be freed from government regulations (Chen 200626). scarce neither the theoretic thoughts nor tangible ideas hav e provided a comprehensive framework on how to ascend global simplicity and the new challenges it pose to policy makers.This test critically examines the position of ILO influenced by the legalist office on stiffizing the informal preservation. Are there vested interests in promoting the decently work agenda? Is the decent work agenda merely a guise behind which repose continues to operate? Does the decent work approach take into account structures and institutions? The essay will delve into the channel of who benefits in formalizing the informal economy recognizing the fact that the informal charge usher pay daily levies to the local government systems in gold coast but do not receive any benefit. A synopsis on informal economy and decent work agenda will maiden be outlined and how this applies to the head doorkeeper in Ghana. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn with some policy recommendations.Perspectives on InformalityThe informal economy was first discovered in Afr ica in the early 1970s due to the dominance of large scale self-importance employed who do not fall within the formal economy. Economic anthropologist Keith Hart coined the term in his series of studies in Africa on the urban labour marts where he distinguished amidst wage earning and self employment. He emphasized on entrepreneurial dynamism and diversity of people in the informal sector (Hart 1990). This led to the development of three schools of thought dualist, legalist and structuralist perspectives which all try to conceptualize, explain and address the challenges of this complex phenomenon.The dualist posit the view that informal economy is peripheral or marginal and result out of the misfortunate jobs in the formal economy and will recede with the development of the modern sector (Hart 1973 ILO 1972 Sethuraman 1976 Tokman 1978). The perspective therefore call for policy focus on support for the informal economy enterprises and workers in the form of credits and business d evelopment services with the assumption that the informal economy will fade away with more formal jobs.The structuralists, however, abruptly refute the dualist approach and contend that formal and informal economies ar inextricably connected and interdependent the informal economy continues to exist because it is subordinated to the formal economy and enables the formal economy to decrease costs and increase profits (Moser 1978 Castells and Portes 1989, Bromley 1994). and then policy focus should be on altering the unequal relationship that exists.The legalist approach spearheaded by De Soto (1989) subscribes to the notion that informality is as a result of the excessive over regulation by the state (rigid mercantilist) and hence the solution to the problem of informality is a liberalizing framework deregulate, de-bureaucratize and privatize. The approach therefore advocates for formalizing and the decent work agenda follows directly from this perspective despite influence from other frameworks.Notwithstanding the diversity of these concepts, informality continues to grow in new guises and different forms even in the industrialized nations. It is worth mentioning that none of the perspectives adequately explains or prescribes solutions to the problems of informality surpassn its heterogeneous and multi divide nature. Consequently, policy makers are confront with the dilemmas of whether to eradicate or formalize the informal economy. This has led to the suggestion of different ways of providing support for those in the informal economy which include licensing, provision of micro credit, training as well as change environment for collective action (Chen 2006) with more emphasis on formalizing.In spite of these suggestions, understanding of the formalization process varies and different actors tend to define formalization to suit them. Intrinsically, policy makers view formalizing as a way of licensing informal work and move in place taxation structures. Conversely, the different informal workers and enterprises see formalizing as a means to attain support and receive the incentives and benefits of formality. Hence in formalizing, there are striking differences in terms of interests and needs which should reflect in the policies of countries. The institutional capacities, mechanisms and resources especially in developing countries are however, inadequate to cater for the wide variations.The above problems question the feasibility of formalizing the informal economy and De Sotos legalist approach to informal economy. Are the states in many countries well equipped to enable workers and enterprises in the informal economy move upward into formality? Formalization may not be that simple as envisaged it can be gnarled and a nightmare to policy makers. Despite the complication, the informal economy can be reframed to fruitfully interact with the context and actors as well as reduce the associated exposure and risks. Consequently, new frameworks have emerged to take care of the policy challenge of decreasing the cost of working informally (Chen 200690-1) or reducing the decent work deficits of working informally (ILO 2002). The ILO decent work agenda champions the emerging consensus concerning the need to develop a framework that is appropriate and able to respond effectively to the problems faced by those in the informal economy. However is this agenda feasible in the mist of all these dilemmas?What can the ILO Decent Work do for Informality?The ILO (2002) defines decent work as successful work which generates an adequate income, in which workers rights are protected and where there is adequate social protection providing opportunities for men and women to obtain productive work in conditions of freedom, equality, gage and human dignity. Decent work has been categorized into two different approaches. Some analysts have classified it into eleven measurement categories establish on employment opportunities, ac ceptable work, adequate earnings and productive work, decent hours, stability and security of work, balancing work and family life, fair treatment in employment, good work environment, social protection, social dialogue and workplace relations, and the economic and social context of decent work (Ghai 200627). The other approach views decent work from the perspective of security in which there are seven security indicators labour security, employment security, job security, work security, skill reproduction security, income security and representation security (ILO 2002). Therefore wishing of access to these indicators at the macro (national), meso (enterprise) and micro (Individual) (Ghai 200627) levels leads to decent work deficits. These securities and indicators are inaccessible to workers in the informal economy albeit pockets of workers in the formal economy also have deficits for example the working poor.Hence in looking at the situation of those in the informal economy, de cent work deficits are the main characteristics and apparent are poor quality unprotected and remunerated jobs, the absence of rights to work, inadequate social protection and lack of representation especially among women and newborn workers (ILO 20028). The decent work approach therefore recognizes that all those who work have rights at work, irrespective of where they work (ILO 2002 8) and should have decent work.Notwithstanding this, a one-size-fit all policy cannot be developed for all segments. Decent work programmes need to take into consideration the diversity in labour markets, multi-segmented nature of informality, the role of government, institutions as well as cultural and historical backgrounds of nations. Decent work should therefore be seen as a goal to be achieved progressively from immediate to immense term (ILO 2002). The immediate term focus is to recognize and give protection to those working in the informal economy, the short/medium and long term strategies are to enhance upward movement into formal decent jobs and the creation of formal decent employment opportunities for all respectively. Work should therefore meet decent work conditions which are seen as a source of dignity, satisfaction and fulfillment to workers (Ghai 200611).Limitations of Decent Work ParadigmThe decent work agenda is a benign exertion to informality but ILO un uniform the World Bank and IMF do not have the capacity to enforce and ensure that governments adhere to the decent work programme. Also, turn the ILO outlined the securities that will make informal work decent, it does not provide insights into how these securities can be met and whose responsibility (individual, state, market, and other actors) it is to address and find solutions to the deficits. Moreover, ILO does not power point out how to prioritize the securities in situations where it is impossible to have all seven fulfilled. The question is shall we prioritize or shall we try to achieve at the sam e magazine all the seven securities?Furthermore, whiles Chen (200627) assert that capacity of institutions, funding for incentives and social protection, inadequate formal jobs and employers not willing to convert as the problems that impede formalizing, she seems to stop about the vested interest and structural determinants that could hinder decent work. For example institutional obstacles such as the local government units in Ghana may throttle the decent work agenda as incorporating decent work framework will hinder the benefits they enjoy from the informality.Who benefits from formalizing local government or head porter (Kayayei)?Before looking at the head porter and the local government systems in Ghana, it is important to have background information on the head porter business. The head porters popularly referred to as kayayei in Ghana are female young girls who migrate from northern parts of Ghana to the south predominantly capital of Ghana and Kumasi. Like other informal businesses, the kayayei are self employed and engage in carrying goods on their head from one place to the other, unpacking stores especially in market places as well as assist buyers in carrying purchased goods to various locations for a negotiated fee (Argawal et al 1997, Opare 2003, Awumbila 2007). Agarwal et al (1997) further indicates that these girls are part of the informal merchant marine structure of Ghana that transport load from one place to the other and this commercial head load carrying is to be understood within the structure of economic activities of women in the informal economy, and the importance of petty trading as the predominant occupation of women. Similarly, ILO (2004) and Awumbila (2007) notes that jobs engaged by these Kayayei pay low wages, have low productiveness which leads to unstable incomes. The purpose of their involvement however, is to attain sufficient savings to convert to a more lucrative and less arduous occupation (Awumbila 20073).These head porters lack official registration, work in highly competitive market places, have deficits in all seven securities, and are exposed to diverse risks and shocks. Their daily vulnerability goes from running after busses for business to harassment from metropolitan agents for payment of daily levies. These head porters however, have various survival strategies which include collective credit and indemnity (susu and adashi) schemes and organization of semi-permanent conjugal unions to reduce their vulnerability within the labour market (Awumbila Ardayfio-Schandorf 2008, Argawal et al 1997, Opare 2003).Much of the literature on the kayayei phenomenon talks about migration and livelihoods but scarce talked about is the levy they pay to the local government systems in Ghana but do not gain any form of social protection. Their activities like other informal businesses are not recognized but they are regulated by the metropolitan assemblies in the forms of daily levies. They pay fifty Gh ana pesewas daily levy to agents of the assemblies and are hijacked in the course of their operations to pay before they can continue with their activities. It is however, unclear what the taxes collected from these girls are used for. They do not get any form of benefits, incentives or social protection from the local government.Evans (1989582) describes the case of Zaire predatory state in which state officials draw resources from civil society without any more regard for the public assistance of the citizenry than a predator has for the welfare of its prey. This predatory state scenario best describes the relationship between the local government and the head porter in Ghana. The metropolitan authorities benefits from the informality of the head porters and do not have any regard for their welfare. In such a case, implementing the decent work approach will serve as a dis-benefit to the government who only plays an opportunistic appropriation role. Hence, such structures may ser ve as obstacles to the decent work programme. Chen ( 200615) indicates that many activities in the informal economy do not generate enough output, employment or income to fall into existing tax brackets but these girls though do not generate enough income are still taxed and this further exacerbate their situation.Conclusion and policy recommendationsOnce the local government recognize the legality of the head porters through taxation, they are obliged to provide them with protection. For example their activities could be regulated by putting in fixed prices for carrying goods to certain distances to reduce their vulnerability in terms of negotiation. State should provide kayayei with vocational and negotiation skills training, recognize them in the labour laws and give basic security like health care, shelter, protection from eviction and harassment can cushion them against risks and shocks in their daily activities. For instance paying the premium for these head porters in the Gh ana national health indemnification scheme will take care of their health needs and further enhance their work. Similar welfare funds like the Bidi Workers Welfare and Head Loaders Funds in India could be established to provide social security benefits for these head porters.In addition, their micro insurance schemes and strategies could be enhanced especially the susu and adashi systems. These forms of collective contributions could be transformed into mutual systems of social security. The role of the state is vital in promoting such systems by providing an enabling environment and suitable policy framework to include these schemes.Moreover, the local government systems should recognize and protect the rights of the head porters since they play a facilitative role macrocosm part of the transport sector in Ghana. As Opare (2003) noted the kayeyei make useful contribution to the Ghanaian economy and should be recognized as such and provided with the necessary protection to enable reduce decent work deficits. Should these be considered for the social protection policies, it will help reduce the insecurity, vulnerability and material red ink faced by these head porters.

Examining Whole Life Costing Construction Essay

Examining altogether spiritedness Costing Construction EssayWhole liveliness sentence story be (WLC) can contribute significantly to control the fiscal and non-financial take chancess objectives of m both an(prenominal) construction, and construction organisations. This is especially relevant in terms of customer portion, internal business processes, and financial performance. WLC is changing the approach to design, procurement, construction and facilities management and delivering study take ins. Many public and private sector clients now procure on embody of ownership, not great(p) apostrophize. (Your increase, 2008) There is a growing aw arness that unwilled and unexpected master(prenominal)tenance and refurbishment be may amount to half of all money spent on existing expressions, according to the Building seek Establishment. Estimates of the value of the unplanned portion in UK construction step to the foreput range from 8bn to a staggering 20bn a year. This is why whole- disembodied spirit costing (WLC) is beginning to play a crucial role in bulge out management (Bourke, 2005). This magazine, however, life steering wheel costing/Whole life cycle costing is here to stay, for two reasons PFI and global warming. PFI has made it the ass of the commercial agreement between the client and the provider and global warming has made everybody think about the future impact of ratiocinations to build. (Martin, 2008)Some of the ideas behind the vindication for whole life-cycle costing (WLCC) ar synonymous with key issues in todays construction industry. (Boussabaine, A., Kirkham, R.2004)Meeting clients expectations lymph glands now require builds that are efficient during and after construction. WLCC techniques can show real cost nest egg in design solutions.Sustainability Achieving sustainable design solutions relies on the contemplation of long term operational be and performance of build components.Monitoring performance of construc ted as dos For example, are PFI/PPP (Private Finance Initiative / Public Private Partnerships) holds really cost exertionive? Only by considering the whole life cost can this be assessed. Using WLLC also supports benchmarking and key performance indicators.Monitoring cost effectiveness of constructed assets WLCC provides the means by which to constantly review this and flooring future slap-up investment on this information.Lean construction By considering long term cost and physical performance, waste is minimised both during construction and through the life of the building.The UK government has challenged the way its organisations deliver services, and has placed on them a duty to continuously improve in order to provide the services that lot require economically, efficiently and effectively. This concept of best value has dominated public sector capital investment policy in the UK since the 1990s. (Boussabaine, A., Kirkham, R.2004) As a endpoint of the fundamental revisio ns in public procurement policy that gestate subsequently taken place, take in and demand for the social function of WLCC techniques have risen to odd takes. These policy changes are clearly demonstrated in recent government publications such(prenominal) as Construction Procurement Guidance, No 7 Whole Life Costs (Office of Government Commerce), which states that all procurement must be made solely on the basis of value for money in terms of the best combination of whole life be and flavour to meet the spendrs requirements. This view is fully endorsed by National Audit Office (NAO) policy and reinforced in their joint guide Getting value for money from procurement. How auditors can help. Consequently the award of public construction contracts based on simply the down(p)est capital cost bid is no longer recognised as good practice best value must be taken into account and thereby WLCC should be fully appraised as part of the decision making process. (Boussabaine, A., Kirkha m, R.2004)2.2 HISTORY OF WHOLE LIFE appealINGFigure 2.1 History of whole life costing, ancestry (Boussabaine, A., Kirkham, R.2004)According to Ashworth (2008) during the 1960s it was often referred to as be-in-use, although strictly speaking this term excluded anything to do with sign construction costs. In the 1970s, life cycle costing became the unremarkably accepted terminology but by the end of the century this had been replaced with whole life costing and this is the description under which it is now most commonly referred.2.3 commentary OF WHOLE LIFE COSTINGThe New construction research and innovation Strategy Panel (nCRISP) defines WLC asthe systematic consideration of all relevant costs and revenues associated with the acquisition and ownership of an asset. (Constructing Excellence in the building environment, 2009)At its most basic, WLC includes the systematic consideration of all costs and revenues associated with the acquisition, use and alimentation and disposal o f an asset.Ashworth (2004), Seely (1997), Ashworth and pig (2007), Cartlidge (2008) and Ferry and Flanagan (1991) according to BS ISO 15686, WLC can be defined asa tool to assist in assessing the cost performance of construction work, aimed at facilitating choices where there are alternative means of achieving the clients objectives and where those alternatives differ, not only in their initial costs but also in their subsequent operational costs.Whole life appraisal (costing) is not the universal panacea for the construction sector, but properly understood and utilize it is a utile and powerful tool. (Flanagan, R., Jewell, C., 2005)Figure 2.2 The hole-and-corner(a) costs, commencement (Ellingham, I., and Fawcett, W.,2006)While initial costs are clear and visible at an early spot, longer-term costs are not see Figure 2.2. Nevertheless, these longer-term costs can far outweigh initial capital costs, and should have a much stronger influence on decisions with respect to facilit ies and individual elementsFigure 2.3 Whole life cost, address (Calford seaden, 2009)The sequence of the seven phases of a buildings life is described appropriately in British Standard 3811.Whole life phasesDescriptionAssociated costs preconditionThe formulation of the clientsInitial costsassociated with land purchase, professional fees and construction.Requirements at inception and briefing.Feasibility and viability of different proposalsDesignTranslating ideas into working drawingsCost planning including whole life costing of alternative design solutionsfrom outline proposals scheme and detailDeignAssociated contract procurement documentationInstallationThe construction processInterim payments and financial statements directionHandover of the couch to the clientFinal accountsMaintenanceThe project in useRecurring costs associated with repairs, running and replacement itemsModificationAlterations and modifications necessary to keep the project to a good standardCosts associated w ith major(ip) refurbishment itemsReplacementEvaluation of the project for major changes or the site for redevelopmentRedevelopment costsTable 2.1 Whole life phases (Ashworth.A, 2008)2.4 WHY RISK ASSESSMENT IN WHOLE LIFE COSTINGCombined with WLCC, risk assessment should from a major element in the strategic decision making process during project procurement and also in value analysis. Project cost, design and operational decision parameters are often established very early in the life of a given building project. Often, these parameters are chosen based on owners and project teams personal experiences. While these approaches are common, they do not provide a robust framework for dealing with the risks and decisions that are taken in the evaluation process. Nor do they allow for a systematic evaluation of all the parameters that are considered important in the examination of the WLCC aspect of a project. Capital costs and future costs must be quantified, analysed and presented as part of the strategic decision making process in todays business environment. Cost analysis and value analysis techniques are apply to quantify and assess the economic implications of investment in building facilities in general. While these techniques do provide a basis for making project cost decisions, they most often do not account for many of the parameters which may affect the actual project value or cost (Plenty et al.1999). endangerment assessment should be an integral part of the WLCC process. A framework that uses formal decision making processes and risk assessment of each aspect of the decision to be taken in performing WLCC life cycle analysis can help owners, design teams and cost planners in marking strategic decisions based on analysis results that truly the inherent risks and costs associate to the project.2.5 DATA REQUIREMENTS IN WHOLE LIFE CYCLE COSTING AND RISK ASSESSMENTFlanagan and Norman (1983) highlighted third fundamental requirements in successfully implemen ting a life cycle costing methodology.A system by which the technologies can be used a set of rule and procedures.Data for the proposed project under consideration estimates of initial and running costs of elemental life cycles, discount rates, ostentation indices, periods of occupancy, energy consumption, cleaning and the like. The selective information required to carry out WLCC analysis can be derived from a range of possible sourceDirect estimation from know costs and componentshistoric entropy from regular(prenominal) applicationsModels based on expected performance, average, and so forthBest guesses of the future trends in technology, marking applicationProfessional skill and judgement.All these factors have some bearing on the quality of data that is collected and how it is used in modelling and decision making processes. Whilst WLCC is now becoming widely used as a valuable tool in the design process, probably two key factors have undersized its potential impactA doubt that life cycle cost estimates are in some sense inaccurate or based merely on guessworkThe absence of commensurate and appropriate cost and performance data.2.5.1 Data sourcesIt has been highlighted how important the data and its composition are to WLCC, but where can this data be obtained? Ferry and Brandon (1991) highlighted six main outputsTechnical pressBuilders price booksInformation services such as the Building Cost Information Service (BCIS)Government research literature such as from the National Economic Development Office (NEDO)University researchTechnical information services.Flanagan and Norman (1983) defined these into four subgroupsManufacturers dataSuppliers and contractorsModelling techniquesHistorical dataManufacturers dataThese specialists as a rule will have detailed breakdowns of the life cycle of the product, its material components and its performance characteristics.This data can also be obtained from other authorities that are responsible for testing the in tegrity and material for construction. The British Board of Agreement is a UK government testing body which carries out independent testing of materials used in the industry. Materials that meet a set specification and performance are issued with agreement certificates, which give details on service lives and other critical information. The Building Research Establishment also carries out testing on materials and can be a useful source of information.2.5.3 Forecasts from modelsIn the absence of any diachronic or suppliers data / feedback, models can be used as a way to analyse the WLCC implications of particular design decisions or choices of materials. The concept behind modelling is to facilitate and introduce a higher degree of accuracy in the estimates made by cost analysts when drawing up life cycle cost profiles.Historical dataHistorical data can be obtained from a variety of sources such as the BMCIS, clients and building occupies and in some cases the design team themselves . The value of historical data is relevant in that the values of initial capital cost and subsequent running cost can be categorised for certain groups of element in the building and this comparison can then be used to identify the elements which will benefit from a life cycle cost approach.2.6 COMPONENTS OF A WHOLE LIFE COST ANALYSISFigure 2.4 Components of a whole life cost analysis,Source (Boussabaine, A., Kirkham, R.2004)2.6.1 Service lifeThe prediction of component service life is a very important aspect in WLCC assessment. One such methodology presently in use is the factor method. The ISO/CD 15686-1 factor method for the estimation of the service life of components or assembly under specific conditions treats the service life as a deterministic value. In reality the service life has a big scatter and should be treated as a random quantity.2.6.2 Capital costsReturns on invested capital costs are essential in marking decisions on investment scenarios. Minimum capital commitme nt would be required if the client wanted to bear most of the cost until the building was handed over. In the event of limited capital budget is the prime consideration of the client, quality, in the form of a reduced specification, is like to be restricted. (Ashworth and Hogg, 2002, p.192).Further the cost of the project is a combination of land ,construction ,fees and finance and the employer will need to counterweight these against the various procurement systems available (Ashworth,1997,p.107). The capital cost objectives that need to be assessed include.Land acquisition cost. The emplacement, and land viability may have a direct effect on the whole life cost and life expectancy of a facility.Predesign costs. The amounts of time and quality of information generated at this stage have great consequences on the quality and operation of a facility. The investors have a good opportunity to optimise the whole life cost of a facility through the survival of the fittest of component and functional flexibility. Ideally, the issues relating to obsolescence should be investigated, accounted for as costs at this stage.Design costs. The quality of design in terms of error, detailing and buildability will have a direct effect on the cost of production and operation. A high quality building might also require higher costs in use in order to maintain its high aesthetic quality in use (Ashworth and Hogg, 2000)Development and production costs. The quality of workmanship is directly related to the level of keep. It is important to ensure that quality control is in place to ensure sound construction practices are used.FeesRisk costsFinancial costs, tax, interest, etc.2.6.3 Operational costsOperational costs are less certain as the time span increases due to uncertainties in energy costs, maintenance, fees, staff and restrictive changes. It is important to view operational cost estimates in their holistic state several qualitative factors will have an important effect on the tot operational costs. The operational cost objectives that need to be assessed includeFactors which contribute significantly to the count operational costsOptimum balance between capital and operational costsOperational risk management systemsOptimum asset cleaning proceduresOptimum waste management proceduresOptimum utilities management proceduresOptimum staffing levelMinimum disruption due to denial use of the asset.2.6.4 Maintenance costsThe costs and priority of required maintenance, rehabilitation and replacement can be obtained from historical data but base cost estimates have to be supplemented with expert opinions in order to perform whole life cycle analysis and risk assessment. The maintenance cost objectives that need to be assessed include.Performance indicators for the assessment of maintenance costsRemaining service life of facility componentsFrequency and replacement costsIn house or subcontracted maintenanceSelection of exterior and interior materials and sur facesSelection of light fixtures with minimum routine repair and replacement requirements.Type of healthful maintenance programme.2.6.5 Financing costs and revenuesThe objective here is to deal with WLCC input parameters of discount, inflation rates, taxes, expenses, etc. Critical analysis of investments must include both initial and ongoing costs and returns over the period of the investment. This will allow stakeholders to compare different options and solve which offers the best return for the investment. Usually discount rate is used for computing the value of future revenues. This includes a large degree of risk return. For example, if the discount rate is set too high or too low then future costs may appear insignificant this could result in high operational costs and capital costs, which will discourage investment. Also, if inflation is different from the selected rates this may lead to inappropriate investment choices. The financing cost objectives that need to be assessed include assumptions aboutInflation rates, interest and taxeslevel of returns and risksOptimum discount rateEconomic activity. This has a direct on the economic obsolescence of facilities.Level of risk financingCash inflow versus outflowsDifferent rates, time periods and cash flows.The characteristics of new or existing facilities are very important aspect of WLCC computation. For the example a relationship may exist between building function and mechanical service costs, a particularly important feature of modern facilities. Little research has been published with regard to the impact of building characteristics on WLCC.2.6.6 Asset characteristicsThe characteristics of new or existing facilities are very important aspect of WLCC computation. For the example a relationship may exist between building function and mechanical service costs, a particularly important feature of modern facilities. Little research has been published with regard to the impact of building characteristics on WLCC. Experience shows that an indirect link exists through many aspects, including energy, thus increasing WLCC and possible downtime costs in maintenance. The characteristics that should be assessed and included in the computation of WLCC include.Layout and locationFunctionalityConstruction technologyGross floor areaNumber of storeys and storeys heightGlazing areaOccupancy (m2/person)Shape of the facilityAestheticsEnergy saving measures note of componentsType and quality of public health systemType and quality of superstructure building fabricType and quality of internal fabricType and quality of electrical and mechanical servicesExtent of site works2.6.6 Economic performance measuresThe procurement of building facilities involves a variety of decision making who decide on alternatives that generate capital and ongoing costs during a projects life. These capital costs generative value for different stakeholders and potential for returns to the project owner which should be durable over the life cycle of the asset. Therefore ,economic performance measurement in WLCC is very important for decision making to evaluate and allocate classifiable value from capital cost and continuing costs to relevant stakeholders in the life cycle of a facility. The objective that should be assessed under this heading should include.What guinea pig of performance indicators should be used to aid in the selection of alternativesThe boundaries of these indicators, i.e. minimum and maximum values that the stakeholders are prepared to work toThe best measures of performance in terms of WLCC outputsMechanisms for WLCC benchmarkingMeasures for mitigating economic risks.2.7 USE OF WHOLE LIFE COSTINGFerry and Flanagan (1991) argue that application of WLC, in any environment, exists on two levels. The lower level of life cycle costing is represented as a Management Tool to aid the decision making process. The higher level of life cycle costing is termed the Management System whose conti nuous operation dictates that responsibility for asset management should be retained. In general terms, they argue that during the management of a typical project, all stages, except project initiation, have a potential use for WLC.Whole life costing as a decision-making toolThe primary use of WLC is to be used in the effective choice between a number of competing project alternatives. Although this can be done at any stage of the project, the potential of its effective use is Maximum during early design stages. In addition, the ability to influence cost decreases continually as the project progresses, from 100% at project sanction to typically 20% or less by the time construction starts. Furthermore, once the building is delivered, there is a very foreshorten chance to change the total cost of ownership because the decision to own or to purchase a building mean(prenominal)ly commits users to most of the total cost of ownership. According to Kirk Al-Hajj ( 2004), 80-90% percent of the cost of running, maintaining and repairing a building is determined at the design stage.Figure 2.5 the relationship between whole life cost savings and time of implementation(Source- Al-Hajj,A.,Pollock,R.,Kishk,M.,Aouad,G.,Sun,M.andBakis,N,2004)Whole life costing as a management toolWLC can also be used as a management tool to identify the actual costs incurred in operating assets. The primary objective is to relate running costs and performance data. Thus, it could be useful for clients who want to estimate the actual running costs of the building and also for budgeting purposes. In addition, it can be a valuable feedback device to assist in the design (Al-Hajj,A.,Pollock,R.,Kishk,M.,Aouad,G.,Sun,M.andBakis,N,2004)BARRIERS TO SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF WHOLE LIFE COSTING TECHNIQUES2.8.1 Industry barriersThe capital cost of construction is almost always separated from the running cost. It is normal practice to accept the cheapest initial cost and then hand over the building t o others to maintain. In addition, there is no clear definition of the buyer, seller, and their responsibilities towards the operating and maintenance costs (Bull 1993). Furthermore, there is a lack of motivation in cost optimisation because the design and cost estimating fees are usually a percentage of the total project cost. However, the expansion of new project delivery systems such as private finance initiative (PFI) and build operate and transfer (BOT) seems to over bonk these obstacles2.8.2 Client barriersBull (1993) pointed out that there is also a lack of understanding on the part of the client. This may increase the possibility of subjective decision making. In addition, there are usually multiple aspects of needs desired by clients. Most of these aspects cannot be assessed in a strict WLC framework. This is mainly because either they are in conflict with the main WLC objective or because they are mostly non-financial. Some of these factors are even intangible such as aest hetics. In many cases, these intangibles are also in conflict with results of WLC (Picken 1989 Wilkinson 1996).Analysis difficultiesThe major obstacle facing the analyst is the hindrance of obtaining the proper level of information upon which to base a WLC analysis. This is because of the lack of appropriate, relevant and reliable historical information and data (Bull 1993). In addition, costs of data collection are enormous (Ferry and Flanagan 1991). Furthermore, the time needed for data collection and the analysis process may leave inadequate time for the essential dialogue with the decision-maker and the re-run of alternative options. This is one of the reasons why computerised models are valuable. Another difficulty is the need to be able to forecast, a long way ahead in time, many factors such as life cycles, future operating and maintenance costs, and discount and inflation rates (Ferry and Flanagan 1991). Besides, the uncertainty surrounding the variables in any WLC exercise should be properly assessed (Al-Hajj,A.,Pollock,R.,Kishk,M.,Aouad,G.,Sun,M.andBakis,N,2004)PRODUCING COSTS WHAT NEEDS TO BE CONSIDERED?Before any evaluation of the projects whole life cycle costs can be made, the following factors need careful identification.Overall time scale of the building or element i.e. the life cycleStatement of all costs and revenues attributable by disposal timeThe design lives of the various components and equipment so that any count can include for replacements and repairs at appropriate timesObsolescence where changes in technology, land values, working styles make the economic life of the building shorter than the planned design useTax implications allowances for certain items of plant and equipment can be offset against tax, thereby reducing their costs to the building ownerThe time value of money (discounting) which incorporates allowances for interest and can consider inflation (iii) are relatively easy to calculate (iv) (vi) are much more unpr edictable as they tend to be guesses.From these elements come the typical WLC/LCC approachSTEP 1 establish the objective of the calculationSTEP 2 choice of costing methodSTEP 3 enunciate assumptions from list aboveSTEP 4 identify the costs and the life cycleSTEP 5 compare alternative solutions and rankSTEP 6 sensitivity analysis (technique whereby costs revisited to identify items likely to change and the impact of those changes)STEP 7 report costs to clientWHOLE LIFE COST / SUSTAINABILITYContractors, particularly those involved with public private partnerships are recognising the importance of sustainability issues and the early consideration of whole life cost.The process of getting the minimum whole life cost and environmental impact is so complex, being a three dimensional problem as indicated below.Figure 2.6 Whole life cost considerations, Source (Cartidge, 2006)Each design option will have associated impacts and costs, and trade-offs have to be made between apparently unrelated entitiesEnvironmental value. This focuses on environmental aspects of development such as pollution, waste and CO2 emissions. These issues involve the initial manufacture of construction materials, the construction of the project, its use and eventual replacement. In this context value is maximised when environmental pressures are minimised to the level of the carrying capacity of ecological systems while using natural resources effectively and safeguarding natural capital and its productivity.

Personal development plan and professional skills

Personal development plan and original scientific disciplinesPersonal Development Plan stack be defined an activity that helps a soulfulness to assess, improve and take actions regarding his/her capabilities and permanently improving these skills by dint ofout the c beer. If a soul is clear about his/her succinct term and long term cultures because it is easy to prioritise all the tasks with c atomic number 18ful considerations keeping in view the importance of more or less(prenominal)ly task. The most authorized aspect of a somebodys life is to gain ain and skipper skills that required him/her to be successful in life to chance on the required objectives. So if in that respect is no personal development plan, there is no direction for your life and therefore no improvement and get hold ofments.One of the most important thing regarding objectives whether these argon personal or headmaster, an acronym is used that is SMART means. So here I have mentioned three pers onal and handicraftal skills required. I have analysed and explained on this task. subsequently that the audit on the skill is conducted in tattle to the realise of organization and the objectives of personal and organizational.Specific Means clearly mentioned like I want to realize my MBAMeasurable In quantifiable terms like 40% improvementAchievable These should be achievable so no over-optimistic goalsRelevant To the overall goal of companyTime-Bound There should be a prison term limit like 1st of Feb1.2 Personal and Professional Skills1.2.1 Personal Skills1.2.2 PrioritizationOne of the most attribute a person should have is that if there ar more than one task you should be able to prioritize the tasks, like When I work out in pizza pie pie Hut on make table. If two 2 effectuates come one is delivery and other is takeaway/collection, then Collection will be do first because we have to deliver collection pizza in 15 minutes but delivery in 30 to 50 minutes. This is b arely one example but the key which I think is that all the task whether job of study which is most important and what are deadlines for these tasks. Does not look how long or short are these tasks.1.2.3 Command and swanOne important thing is whatever I do whether operative in Pizza Hut or MacDonald is whatever my responsibilities are there if I do not know everything about my task, then it is very difficult to manage my job. So If I do not know anything about my job, I prefer to ask and remember that thing for future rather than becoming panic and doing tasks wrongly. For example, If I do not know about any deal of Macdonald or about the toppings of any Pizza, I will used to ask the manager rather than navel gazing.1.2.4 hold back from MistakesIf anybody wants to improve in life, then they should learn from mistakes and note them down. This is an important key that you should note down any mistake you made and then check second magazine do you remember or not. Whenever I mad w rong pizza or any mistakes, I immediately took a note of that and managed that thing after the session so that I will be improving all the time.1.2.5 Contribution towards Personal and Professional GoalsTo achieve PGD degree from the CECOS London CollegeTo complete MBA degree.To be a potential support manager in MacDonald or Pizza Hut.1.3 Organization objectivesIn focusing towards the acronym of SMART, as an organizational manager, there are five objectives which should be achieved by the manager1.3.1 Planning and OrganizingClear vision setting in relation to the SMART objectives much(prenominal) as achievable, measurable, specific, realistic, and time boundary.Structural build up.Task is divided or apportionedResources should be considered for example human, monetary, technology and materialsSensitivity and security ensuring1.3.2 Command and ControlActivities are maintained in between the personnel.Hierarchy reportingActivities are controlled among the manager and work forceAll activities and efforts are unifying and harmonisingCo-ordinated direction manage and harmonise the activities and effortsProvide supportMotivation for juniors when they did a good jobRule is established and command is expressed for the occasion of conducting the managerial activities in relation to check the work efficiency of the personnel.1.3.3 Time instruction StrategiesFor using time more effectively and efficiently, there are some ways of managing time such as managing time for a week. For doing this, time canful be divided into small unit. In case of a delivery unit of Pizza Hut, it is discover that majority of the time that is spent on different activities of the organization is not productive and in many times time is wasted by the employees because of uneffective time counselling. There are some strategies of time management1.3.4 Establishing objectivesFor achieving profit maximization, make a plan to use the time with the way which is realistic. Time management hel ps a manager or an entrepreneur to achieve organizational objectives more effectively and efficiently.1.3.5 Evaluation of spending timeThe way of spending time in working place is very much necessary to determine. The working hours or the availability of mine also has to be calculated. The amount of tasks and number of activities which a person can do in a week should also be calculated.Except these strategies, other strategies are1. Assess the difference between utilising of the actual and pattern time.2. Give priority the task of work.3. Give importance towards the urgent and important work.1.3.6 Requirement of skill for achieving personal and organization objectiveFor the purpose of meeting and achieving the each and every goal and objective of personal and organizational, some skills are needed such as the skill of communicating with other peoples, skill of IT, job figure out skill, skill of working with team, self performance and learning skill. These skills are considered a s basic skills which are very much important for achieving personal objectives.But for the purpose of achieving the organizational objectives, four skills are needed to contain by the manager such as planning, organizing, leading, coordinating etc.2. Personal AuditColumn 1Column 2Column 3Column 4Column 5Column 6SKILLSExistingPROFICIENCYTargetJudging success criteriaTime frameProofNO 1. anteriorityPresentation SkillTo be able to give demonstration in classroom but flavour sick and cant give presentation as the standard of master copy schoolroom presenter as confidentlyI want to achieve A grade in my project by giving successful presentation in the class.During the academic year endingBy giving successful presentation in the classNO 2.PRIORITYWriting SkillThe description as technical is good but critical thinking of mine seems to be difficult to presentDescriptive writing is good and critical writing is satisfactoryI did two assignments on change management and business strategic plan so I have achieved critical and analytical skills so I hope a good result.Completing my diplomsBy achieving good grades in my assignments in relation course studiesCommunication SkillsSometimes I want to express myself, but retrieve hesitation.I want to convey what I feel inside with colleagues and all professionalsGroup discussions, assignments and discussion with teachers and managers about my progressI am improving and have been getting confidence but this is an on button process. So it is difficult to set a time frameGroup presentations and effective communication with professorsNO 3.PRIORITYAwareness as Commercial theatre directorI have interest in the issue of business but lack of the awareness as practicalWorking in MacDonald and PizzHut as practiceComplete my diploma course of training program for achieving commercial awarenessTill the year of thirdBy achieving commercial awarenessNO 4.PRIORITYSkillsOf Team workingCant adjust to work with the team member and cant a ccept any improper remarks about my work and also settle early to appreciate other ideasI want to success integraly my individual and professional goals together with my team mates.Team progress can be monitored by me in request to meet the difficulties and overcome these difficultiesTill the end of 2rd yearBy working as a support manager in the full future and lead them effectively.NO 5.PRIORITYSkills of leadershipNot confident and cant lead or motivate other people with my own spoken communicationAchieve confidence to lead the team and also delegate with othersPizza Hut and MacDonald colleagues would be happy with me, recognizing my achievements and taking help from me.Till the end of 3rd yearWorking as a team leader in Pizza Hut most probably and as team member in MacDonald.3. ongoing personal development plan3.1 Professional SkillsI have selected two organizations MacDonald and Pizza Hut to where I am working at the moment. The features of the learning opportunities are inte nsive and collaborative which are related with the evaluative stage. Personal development includes of several approaches for example consultation, action, coaching and practice of making pizza or burgers, discussion about mistakes, training, supervision as reflective, and the assistance of technology like taking order over the phone by using internet. The definition of professional skill can be provided as the skills and knowledge which are achieved for the purpose of personal development and along with the advancement of career. The opportunities of learning as facilitated are encompassed by the personal development which is related with the range of formal training of work at Pizza Hut and MacDonald, consultations with manager and the practice of the opportunities of learning as facilitated.3.2 Personal SkillsIn order to being a successful manager, I should contain some professional and personal skills such as leadership, time management skill, meeting running, presentation making , management of stress etc. The importance of these skills are now evaluated. Personal skill is also considered as the interpersonal skill of the person which is consisted of the algorithm of mental and communicative which is applied for the purpose of conducting social communication and interacting with other peoples in order to identify achieve specific effects or outcome.3.3 Time Management SkillThe definition of time management skill can be given as the process and tools of developing the skills in order to enhancing efficiency and productivity. Time management skill is considered as the personal skill which is directed towards the using the valuable resources within the time frame. For the purpose of managing time, the manager should be more organized, efficient and as rise as happier. The skill of personal time management is consisted of the activities of setting of goals, planning, prioritizing, make the decision, delegating and scheduling. By using time management skill, wa stage can be eliminated, make preparation for attending the meeting, excessive workload refusing, project progress can be monitored, plans can be made for each day and each week efficiently and effectively.3.4 Stress Management SkillThe definition of stress can be provided as the reaction of nervous system of the body towards the specific events. Stress management can be defined as the system with the aim of stress reducing and along with the person who contains this skill can be facilitated in order to adjust with the specific situation. Stress management skill is very much needed for manager for the purpose of attending the meeting and represents the meeting, on that time the manager should control the stress.The above skills such as leadership skill, time management skill, stress management skills are very much needed for the manager to be successful in his professional life and as head as personal life by which he or she can meet the personal goal and as well as achieve the or ganizational goal.3.5 Leadership SkillLeadership skill is considered as the managerial skill which is used for the purpose of motivating the peoples of the group in order to achieve the common goal. In this skill I register that being a manager, I would decide to allocate job to the person who is the most sufficient for that role. I would allow employees to work at their own pace. I would only interrupt them when they need my help. Maslow hierarchy of need is a very good tool for managers and leaders to motivate their employees and getting work at their full potential .4. RecommendationsThere are existed several methods of that are appropriate for the purpose of advancing the skill of professional and personal such as leadership skill, time management skill, stress management skills are very much needed for the manager to be successful in his professional life and as well as personal life through which he or she can meet the personal goal and as well as achieve the organizational goal.For the purpose of developing these required skills, some ways can be adopted and theseways are described belowMaslow hierarchy of need as a best tool to manage people in any organisationTraining program for yourself and subordinatesCreate the link in between the problems and try to solve itCreate relationship in between re firmness of purpose the problem and making decision as well.Provide required resources on developing the problem skillHere, training program and practice to develop the professional and personal skill as by own are considered as the most practical method which is used for the purpose of developing the personal and professional skill. The program of training is mainly related with the process of learning which consists of the knowledge acquisition, skill sharpening, attitudes and behaviours changes, in order to employee performance enhancing.Not only this, by practicing as by the person own, one person can achieve the required skill such as by practising, t he person can manage the time, can solve the problem.4.1 Personal Development PlanThe definition of personal development plan can be provided as the persons skill development which is considered as significant thing in relation to the development or establishment of personal and as well as the professional career. For the purpose of developing the individual personal personality, making the plan for personal development is very much needed. In order to achieve capability and as well as being confident in the professional life, personal development plan provides support to the person. In relation with the build up a career, the two main aspects are personal characteristics development and as well as the characteristics are developed for making good professional life. So it can be said that a person should have to make a plan of personal development. Here, in relation to the personal and professional and as well as organizational objectives, the Kolbs learning style is used through w hich it is possible to find out the way of learning along with suitable method can also be identified to for the purpose of achieving the objectives of personal and professional and as well as organizational objectives.There are existed several methods of that are appropriate for the purpose of advancing the skill of professional and personal such as leadership skill, time management skill, stress management skills are very much needed for the manager to be successful in his professional life and as well as personal life through which he or she can meet the personal goal and as well as achieve the organizational goal.For the purpose of developing these required skills, some ways can be adopted and these ways are described belowThe approach as structured are used for the purpose of solving the problemProvide training programCreate the link in between the problems and try to solve itCreate relationship in between solving the problem and making decision as wellProblem can be solves thr ough get support from the people by taking their touch and as well as use the required resources on developing the problem skillHere, training program and practice to develop the professional and personal skill as by own are considered as the most practical method which is used for the purpose of developing the personal and professional skill. The program of training is mainly related with the process of learning which consists of the knowledge acquisition, skill sharpening, attitudes and behaviours changes, in order to employee performance enhancing.Not only this, by practicing as by the person own, one person can achieve the required skill such as by practising, the person can manage the time, can solve the problem.5. uninterrupted professional developmentContinuing Professional Development(CPD) orContinuing Professional Education(CPE) is the means by which members of professional associations maintain, improve and pass their knowledge and skills and develop the personal qualit ies required in their professional lives.CPD is defined as a commitment to structured skills enhancement and personal or professional competence. CPD can also be defined as the conscious updating of professional knowledge and the improvement of professional competence throughout a persons working life. It is a commitment to being professional, keeping up to date and continuously seeking to improve. It is the key to optimizing a persons career opportunities, both today and for the future. CPD should be engaging, informative and progressive, embracing best practice and easily digestible knowledge. It should neither be excessively demanding nor uninteresting. It should stimulate a desire to learn more about your profession and participate in it6. Skill auditThere are the questions which consisted of the pointed valueStrongly disagree 1disagree 2agree 3powerfully agree 4CONCLUSIONI would say that a person carry on learning in his/her whole age, but in order to become a successful profes sional. One should develop short, medium and long term plans which should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time_Bound) to improve and overcome the shortcomings and then woful forward to set new goals and objectives. A optimistic approach should be adopted rather than a pessimistic approach.Referenceshttp//www.12manage.com/methods_maslow_hierarchy_needs.htmlhttp//www.businessballs.com/kolblearningstyles.htmTABLE OF CONTENTS1. personal and professional skills 11.1 Personal Development Plan 11.2 Personal and Professional Skills 11.2.1 Personal Skills 11.2.2 Prioritization 11.2.3 Command and Control 21.2.4 Learn from Mistakes 21.2.5 Contribution towards Personal and Professional Goals 21.3 Organization objectives 21.3.1 Planning and Organizing 21.3.2 Command and Control 31.3.3 Time Management Strategies 31.3.4 Establishing objectives 31.3.5 Evaluation of spending time 31.3.6 Requirement of skill for achieving personal and organization objective 42. Personal Audi t 5Classroom presenter as confidently 53. ongoing personal development plan 83.1 Professional Skills 83.2 Personal Skills 83.3 Time Management Skill 83.4 Stress Management Skill 93.5 Leadership Skill 94. Recommendations 94.1 Personal Development Plan 105. Continuous professional development 116. Skill audit 12CONCLUSION 14

Essay --

Candide is a famous French satire written by French philosopher, Voltaire. In this satire, Voltaire humorously ridicules Leibnizs belief of optimism, the violence the legions employ during war and the duplicity of religion. This essay aims to describe some of the techniques that Voltaire uses to satirize Leibniz through the character of Pangloss, the multitude through the Bulgarian War, and religious figures through the hypocrisy of the Grand Inquisitor and the Friar, showing how the humor is achieved in the description of the characters.One of the important figures Voltaire satirizes would be Leibniz and his theory of philosophical optimism. According to Leibniz, we live in the ruff of all possible worlds and Voltaire ridicules this in his novel by introducing the character of Pangloss who also believed that things cannot be otherwise than they are for all being created for an end, all is necessarily for the top hat end. (Chapter 1, p1) Throughout this novel, no matter the misf ortunes Pangloss encounters, he would defend optimism by claiming, all is for the dress hat then continue to justify the possible reasons for such an occurrence. One crowing example would be when Pangloss had unfortunately contracted syphilis from Paquetta, yet he reasoned that it was a thing unavoidable, a necessary ingredient in the best of worlds for if Columbus had not caught in an island in America this disease, which contaminates the source of generation, and frequently impedes propagation itself, and is evidently opposed to the great end of nature, we should have had neither deep brown nor cochineal. (Chapter 4, p8) The foolishness and incessant belief of Pangloss optimism is thoroughly displayed here as Voltaire uses the technique of irony ... ...ous figures in Candide seem to almost all be corrupted and unimportant with the exception of a few like Jacques, and the characters in Candide seem to be accustomed to such occurrences, displaying little shock at their unholy b ehavior. Such a manner of portraying these characters further enunciates Voltaires view on various religious people.In conclusion, through techniques such as irony, exaggeration, parody and understatement, Voltaire effectively satirizes Leibniz, the military and religious figures, mocking Leibnizs philosophy of optimism, disapproving the brutality of the military and criticizing the hypocrisy of religious figures. Humor was achieved through the irony and exaggeration he modishly wove into his novel, making it much easier for the readers to swallow despite the novel being highly critical of his modern society, addressing many serious issues.

Human Performance Enhancement Technology :: Science Engineering Essays

Human Performance Enhancement Technology One of the funniest things intimately human nature is that nothing is ever good enough. No matter how good we are at something, there will always be somebody in those 6 billion plus who can do it better. My mom told me that when I was a kid playing soccer in the back yard. They dont well-informed like the words of encouragement you might expect from a nurturing mother to an aspiring child but it was true. No matter how long I practiced, how numerous goals I scored, games I won, trophies I put on the shelf of my bedroom, there would always be someone, somewhere who could do me one up. When verbal expressiond with this thought, we have a choice to make. Give up and accept life for what it is, try to enjoy every moment and yield to share the glory with the word, or try harder. obsess over the prospect of achieving perfection and stop at nothing totally for that that one moment, that one instant when we ARE the best. People are like technology, they may be the newest hottest thing on the market but lined up for years behind them are thousands of advancements and improvements, maybe still in the works, but champ at the bit to break out on the world and push even farther. So whats the point? Whats the moral we are supposed to derive from all this? No moral. No point. Just a thought I think is pertinent to the changing tides out there in the battle we all face to be the best we can be. How far will we take it? What is advancement and what is too much? We live in an interesting time. Information technology is maturement rapidly, new products and ideas popping up every day in relation to every field. By the same token biology and chemistry are as strong as they have every been, discoveries in medicine and health care are booming. So what happens when these potent ingredients are thrown together? What happens when we give IT to biology? Well we already are, weve been doing it for years. Docto rs and Scientists couldnt accomplish anything without their computers. The human Genome project could never have even existed if not for computers and the special software used.

Essay --

The concept of Social Darwinism was initially perceived in European culture in 1877 as a concept used by sociologists with Charles Darwins evolutionary theories providing apology for exploitation. Darwins theories provided that animals and plants evolved into different species allowing a process of natural selection, and animals included humans that undergo the same natural selection process as animals. Darwins theories were applied to human society in the attempts to answer issues on why there are rich people and poor people, or why there are people who are dark-skinned and others lighter. Social Darwinism became the new tool of the 1800s to give justification for imperial conquest around the world. Christianity was the strong armor used by Europeans to liberate their activities of territorial expansion wherein sacrosanct missions such as the Crusades against Islam as easy as the efforts to unify Germany, and the colonization of the New World were used to coer the politica l and economic motivations of European imperialists.However, in the early part of the 19th century, the sacred mission of religion was no longer accepted as appropriate cover for Imperialism with the increased literacy in Europe through the Enlightenment movement which promoted the widespread use of reason. European imperialism made Great Britain to have control over gigantic world regions dominating over the conquered peoples of their territories. The Europeans believed that the people of its colonies must be controlled over by the more intelligent Europeans and justified their control until Charles Darwins work of On the Origin of Species. This published work was highly opposed to by the church service and the bible and was further perceived as an urge... ...oor, less successful, or to the disadvantaged minorities in society as such assistance would unnaturally promote the natural selection of these weaker groups of people and only allow them to reproduce and spread this defective genetics. Justifications for business practices supported by theories of laissez-faire systems were manifested in workers being overworked and underpaid. Practices of social Darwinism created a great gap between wealth and poverty. Social Darwinism as employed by the Europeans negatively affected natural processes of human social structures in social, political, and economic components to justify imperialism, racism, and capitalism. Charles Darwin may not have primarily extended his theories to human society, but European imperialists took advantage of his concept and for generations have unfortunately succeeded in todays constant racism issues.

The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County :: Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County

The Celebrated Jumping salientian of Calaveras County     The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County is a delightfully entertaining piece of work. The acknowledgments are developed beautifully through fantastic descriptions, amusing actions, and nearly through smooth, flowing, and terrific dialogue. The dialogue is, indeed, the main(prenominal) attraction of this event. Simon Wheelers speech is optimistic, and above all, very friendly. Wheeler tells of Smileys antics as any great baloney teller would. Wheeler offers his own observations generously. They are casual and hospitable. Wheeler, communicate of Smileys betting habit, interjects that, Why, it never made no difference to him- hed bet on anything- the dangdest feller (113). This observation is helpful and funny. Wheeler also offers a fabulous story to illustrate his point. He tells of Smiley making a bet that a existences wife will not improve in health contradictory to what the doctors say. The absurd ity of such(prenominal) a bet leaves the reader laughing out loud, in spite of such a morbid joke. Even the frog is personified and molded carefully into the most individual and unique frog ever to hop along. The frog is described by Wheeler as modest, straightforward, and gifted. Danl Webster was the name of the frog... (114). Daniels aptitude for intelligent thought is certify by his ability to catch flies on command. Again, a most absurd assertion but, nonetheless, very comedic. Oddly, Daniel is compared to a cat. Wheeler observes that, Hed Smiley give him a bitty pinch behind, and the next minute youd see that frog whirling in the air like a doughnut- see him turn one summerset, or mayhap a couple, if he got a good start, and come down flat- footed and all right, like a cat (114). One could argue that Daniel is the main character of the story. The actual narrator of the story is an old friend of Smiley. The friends brief relationship with Wheeler is also rather interesting. Tw ain does not say directly that the man is not particularly fond of Wheeler, but alludes to that through the narrators dialogue. Smileys old friend sits down with Wheeler and describes the act as such Simon Wheeler backed me into a corner and blockaded me there with his chair, and then sat down and reeled off the monotonous narrative which follows this paragraph (113). Through the mans choice of words the reader chop-chop realizes that this is not a pleasurable experience to him.