High quality article writing service: November 2019

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

A Brief View Of Early Western Civilization In The 18Th Century Essays

A Brief View Of Early Western Civilization In The 18Th Century The area of early western civilization just following the feudal period was a very interesting time in Europe. There were many new innovations and problems in the way of life of the people of that time. Agriculture was still the main occupation of the time for most people. Two big problems that the people faced were those of war and poor harvest. It was said that perhaps the largest problem was the problem with poor grain. For the majority of people there was also the problem of land. For these people they either had no land of their own or insufficient amounts of it to support a family even when times were good. Poor harvests also had an effect on government as well. Bad harvests tended to cause the taxes to fall and couldn't provide sufficient provisions for the army. One thing that did seem certain, however, was that monarchs didn't help much with their pursuits of glory by means of war and food consumption. Serfs were the main labor forces in the feudal period. However in the ?legal? sense there were really no serfs in Germany. That could be why the freeing of the serfs made minimal progress in Germany. The state needed the flourishing peasants for recruits for the army and for their houses and barns for lodging for the soldiers. For the peasants there were really no luxuries in their lives. They had little furniture and clothing and basically survived on what they or their neighbors could grow. Also what little money they had could only have been spent on items that they could not be dispensed with. Most of their dwellings were also not as clean as those of other areas since the women worked more in the fields. The schools for the common people were very poor. Most of the teachers were not competent enough to teach, the school houses were in disrepair, often the teachers would have to live in the school houses, there were often no separate classes, and the curriculum was extremely narr ow. Transportation was also a big issue of that time. Things moved very slowly at this time, especially goods. Canals and achievements in roads only provided moderate improvements. The real ?Revolution? in transportation did not come until the invention of the railroad. The busiest and most used roads of the time were the footpaths, mule path and local roads of which the best credited to the Romans. Their networks were well adapted to life and needs at the time since there was seldom travel outside a four or five mile radius which the family, the market or the court was located in the ?Main? roads that were used where the ?Kings Highways.? These roads were not used for peasants but for merchants carrying costly goods. Also carried on these roads traveled ?Well-to-do? travelers and letters and packages of Royal Mail. Besides the cargo and persona the only difference in these roads were that they were wider dirt paths. Rivers and waterways were important and vulnerable sources of transport ation. Those that could accommodate boats were used to their maximum potential. Transportation at that time was small scaled, irregular, expensive, and unsafe. Overall, transportation was very poor. Villages in the 18th century England was mainly self- contained and inbred. The villages pretty much had to provide themselves. The women did most of the sewing and cloth making. Men of the village had to make their own equipment also. As for children they were strong enough to pick up a broom. To put it simply, work was very hard for these were almost non- existent. The housing was also very primitive. The houses were small, usually having only one to two rooms for the entire family. Even though they seemed very tough, English villages compared very well to those villages on the continent. It was said in the book that the countrymen produce while the townsman consumes. Originally the nobles were in control of the towns. They however later withdrew and the Crown quickly filled their void. The towns tended to become areas of resistance to the noble power and also had a large amount of independence under

Understanding Learning Essay Research Paper Understanding myself free essay sample

Understanding Learning Essay, Research Paper Understanding myself as a scholar. On my journey to a better apprehension of how learning theories have shown themselves in my life, I realized that I have had more experience with them than I had foremost idea. I don? t see myself as being changed dramatically by any one acquisition experience, but I do recognize that my desire to larn has increased as I have been introduced to a assortment of learning methods. In short, I could non pick one theory that I could associate most of my larning experiences to. Therefore, as I looked through our text edition, I tried to retrieve if and how any of these theories played a function in my educational development so far. As we have studied, most learning theories can be placed into one of two groups: cognitive acquisition and association acquisition. ? The cognitive acquisition position provinces that acquisition is based on a restructuring of perceptual experiences and ideas happening within the being. This restructuring allows us to comprehend new relationships, work out new jobs, and derive apprehension of a capable country. Cognitive acquisition theoreticians stress the reorganisation of one? s perceptual experiences in order to accomplish understanding. ? ( Sprinthall, Sprinthall, and Oja ; Educational Psychology- A developmental Approach 1998 ) One of these cognitive-learning theoreticians is Wolfgang Kohler. Kohler performed many experiments with Pan troglodytess during World War I. Kohler constructed a assortment of jobs for the Pan troglodytess, each of which involved obtaining nutrient that was non straight accessible. In the simplest undertaking, nutrient was put on the other side of a barrier. Dogs and cats in old experiments had faced the barrier in order to make the nutrient, instead than traveling off from the end to travel around the barrier. The Pan troglodytess, nevertheless, presented with an seemingly similar state of affairs, set off instantly on the traffic circle path to the nutrient. Over the last few old ages my hubby and I, for deficiency of anything better to make, hold begun playing picture games. One of the first we started to play together was Tomb Raider. Grave Raider is an action/adventure game that merely lets you come on to the following degree one time you hold successfully completed the current degree. Some of degrees are instead ambitious and my hubby and I frequently found ourselves stuck in one job that we could non work out to travel onto the following degree. We would seek and seek to acquire past this obstruction, but merely couldn? T figure it out. One dark, while watching Television, the solution merely? came to me? . This is what is known as the? a hour angle phenomenon? . Understanding the construct if transportation is besides really of import to acquiring to cognize ourselves as scholars. Transportation occurs when larning undertaking A influences undertaking B. When larning undertaking A helps us to larn undertaking B, positive transportation has taken topographic point. When larning undertaking A obstructs larning undertaking B, negative transportation has occurred. One experience I have had with positive transportation is that of larning to sit a bike after I had learned to sit a bike. When I was eleven old ages old we lived in a really rural country and instead than take me to my best friends house, 5 stat mis off, they opted to acquire me my ain transit. A bike. The bike was a measure up from the bike I had learned to sit a few old ages before, the difference being that I didn? Ts have to bicycle. I thought the difference was immense, but in all actuality it wasn? T. The chief end of larning how to sit a bike was balance, something I had already learned on my bike. Once I applied the same construct of balance I had learned on my bike, it was much easier to accomplish success on the bike. I am presently sing the effects of negative transportation. I am working toward my grade in Psychology and I thought, though non a really good thought out idea, that I should take as many Psychology categories as possible. This is true in most instances, but I decided to take 3 psychological science categories in one term. Now that the proctored test is coming up, I find myself blending up what I? ve learned in one Psychology category with something that I? ve learned in another category. For illustration, while analyzing the societal acquisition theory, I found myself repeatedly seeking to integrate cognitive disagreement into the procedure. Cognitive disagreement is something I had been analyzing in my Social psychological science category. Both of these constructs are of import to psychological science. However, they can non be readily used my me until I truly understand them and I can? t truly understand them if I keep seeking to unify them. Jerome Bruner? s chief point in his constructivist theory is that larning is an active procedure in which scholars construct new thoughts or constructs based upon their current and past acquisition experiences. ? The construct of premier Numberss appears to be more readily grasped when the kid, through building, discovers that certain smattering of beans can non be laid out in completed rows and columns. Such measures have either to be laid out in a individual file or in an uncomplete row-column design in which there is ever one supernumerary or one excessively few to fill in the form. These forms, the kid learns, go on to be called prime. It is easy for the kid to travel from this measure to the acknowledgment that a multiple tabular array, so called, is a record sheet of measures in completed multiple rows and columns. Here is factoring, generation and primes in a building that can be visualized. ? ( Jerome Bruner, 1973, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwe.edu/~tpi/bruner.html ) I had taken a category on C++ scheduling. The first portion of the category was job work outing, utilizing algorithms. Once that construct was learned, we moved on to basic scheduling. Using algorithms to interrupt a plan down into parts helped to work out the jobs encountered in composing a plan. George A. Miller has provided two theoretical thoughts that are really of import to the information processing theory. Information processing is besides a cognitive theory of larning. This theory states that information flows into the being by manner of the sense variety meats. It is so passed to the memory and nervous system where it is encode vitamin D ( this agencies that memory hints are made ) . Then, the information can be stored in the memory and subsequently retrieved. The three memory constituents are centripetal registry, Short-run memory, and long-run memory. Our centripetal registries are like a picture camera, they? choice up? information as it is go oning. Short-run memory can be likened to the overseas telegram that carries the information from the camera to the picture tape. Our short-run memory can clasp merely a limited sum of information for a limited sum of clip. The last of the constituents, long-run memory, can be compared to the picture tape. The picture tape shops the information picked up by the camera, and carried by the overseas telegram, for an indefinite period of clip, until we are ready to recover it ( by manner of a VCR ) . The first construct is ? lumping? and the capacity of short term memory. Miller ( 1956 ) presented the thought that short term memory could merely keep about 7 points, plus or minus 2, where a ball is any meaningful unit ( hypertext transfer protocol: //gwis.circ.gwu.edu/~tip/miller.html ) . The experience I have had with the unitization construct is instead simple. I find it easier to retrieve a individual? s phone figure if I make a word out of the last 4 figures. For illustration, My best friend Becka had gotten a new phone figure. Since I call her all of the clip, it was more convenient to larn her figure than to compose it down and look it up every clip I wanted to talk with her. Her new figure was 3287, the best manner I could retrieve it was to set it in the signifier of a word- EATS. Becka no longer has that figure, but I still retrieve it because of word. The 2nd construct is TOTE ( Test-Operate-Test-Exit ) . Miller thought that TOTE should replace the stimulus-response as the basic unit of behaviour. In a TOTE unit, a end is tested to see if it has been achieved and if non an operation is performed to accomplish the end ; this rhythm of test-operate is repeated until the end is finally achieved or abandoned. Ivan Pavlov introduced us to classical when his Canis familiaris began salivating at the sound of a bell. Classical conditioning occurs when a natural physiological reaction responds to a stimulation. Classical conditioning plants on people, excessively. Anyone who is interested in salvaging money can understand the significance of a blue light blinking at K-Mart. The bluish light blinking normally means that there is a sale in whatever section the visible radiation is. I have gone into the local BX many times and have seen a bluish visible radiation flashing, this clip for a sales representative to give a client aid, and automatically thought there must be a sale. One of the taking behaviourists, B.F. Skinner, believed that larning occurs from alterations in behaviour. These alterations occur when a individual responds to events in his/her environment. A response produces a effect such as specifying a word, hitting a ball, or work outing a math job. When this stimulus-Response form is rewarded, the person is conditioned to react. This form of acquisition is known as Operant conditioning. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwu.edu/ % 7Etip/skinner.html ) Support, or wages, is the cardinal component in Skinner? s theory. A reinforcing stimulus can be anything that strengthens the happening of the coveted response. When I was in the 4th class, my instructor used positive support to guarantee we wanted to act right. Mr. Brown told us that if we could be good for one hebdomad, so the following hebdomad we were allowed to sit in a Lazy-Boy chair he had placed in his schoolroom. This, of class, motivated us to act in the mode in which he was anticipating. When I was a kid, my female parent used to state me over and over to clean my room. One twenty-four hours my friends and I were playing outside. My female parent called me in and told me that I had to remain in my room until it was eventually clean. Not desiring to lose out on the game that my friends and I were playing, I rapidly complied. The societal acquisition theory of Albert Bandura besides emphasizes the importance of detecting and patterning the behaviour of others. Sometimes, merely watching how other people behave and how they are reacted to can do you larn a batch. The full clip I was turning up, my parents took me out to dinner with them on a hebdomadal footing. One clip we were sitting in an expensive eating house and the people seated following to us were masticating their nutrient aloud with their oral cavities open. I watched as the people around them turned to look at them with disgust. I rapidly learned that this was non acceptable behaviour and ever chewed my nutrient softly and with my oral cavity closed. Another facet of mold is the construct of experimental acquisition. We learn by watching others show how to make something. As a kid, my female parent wanted me to larn how to play golf. I had no thought how to play, or the regulations of the game. She took me to the local golf pro and signed me up for lessons. The first thing we did was travel out to the sand traps on the class. Then the teacher explained to me which club I needed to utilize to hit the ball out of the sand. Then he told me how to swing the nine to hit the ball out of the sand. I was lost. Then he took his sandwedge out of his bag, climbed into the Sand trap and demonstrated to me how to keep the nine depending on how far I would hold wanted to hit the golf ball. Watching him show how to hit the ball, I shortly learned how to make it. If he had continued to state me how to strike the ball to acquire the coveted consequence, I would still be lost. All in all, there have been many larning experiences in my life, and I? thousand sure there will be many more. I genuinely believe that we can non larn entirely by one theory entirely. We need different direction for different activities. Richard C. Sprinthall, Norman A. Sprinthall, and Sharon Nodie Oja, Educational Psychology- A developmental attack, 1998 Constructivist Theory- hypertext transfer protocol: //gwu.edu/~tip/bruner.html Social Learning Theory- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwu.edu/~tip/bandura.html Information Processing Theory- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwis.circ.gwu.edu/~tip/miller.html George Washington University, Operant Conditioning- hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gwu.edu/ % 7Etip/ skinner.html

Sunday, November 24, 2019

PLate Tetonics essays

PLate Tetonics essays Plate tectonics are a relatively new theory that has revolutionized the way geologists think about the Earth. According to the theory, the surface of the Earth is broken into large plates. The size and position of these plates change over time. The edges of these plates, where they move against each other, are sites of intense geologic activity, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building. Plate tectonics is a combination of two earlier ideas, continental drift and sea-floor spreading. Continental drift is the movement of continents over the Earth's surface and in their change in position relative to each other. Sea-floor spreading is the creation of new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and movement of the crust away from the mid-ocean ridges. The Earth is divided into three chemical layers: the core, the mantle and the crust. The core is composed of mostly iron and nickel and remains very hot, even after 4.5 billion years of cooling. The core is divided into two layers: a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. The middle layer of the Earth, the mantle, is made of minerals rich in the elements iron, magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. The crust is rich in the elements oxygen and silicon with lesser amounts of aluminum, iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, and sodium. There are two types of crust. Basalt is the most common rock on Earth. Oceanic crust is made of relatively dense rock called basalt. The outermost layers of the Earth can be divided by their physical properties into lithosphere and asthenosphere. It is made of lower density rocks, such as andesite and granite. The lithosphere is the rigid outermost layer made of crust and uppermost mantle. The lithosphere is the "plate" of the plate tectonic theory. The asthenosphere is part of the mantle that flows, a characteristic called plastic behavior. It might seem strange that a solid material can flow. The flow of the asthenosphere is part of mantle convection,...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Biochemistry of human disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biochemistry of human disease - Essay Example This hepatic dysfunction has led to jaundice as apparent from the yellowish discoloration of the while of his eyes and skin, and this has established a vicious cycle of malnutrition, alcohol intake, hepatitis, jaundice, and malnutrition. Moreover, his blood glucose level is 1.7 mmol/L (fasting reference interval, 3.0-5.5 mmol/L). In alcoholic liver disease, nutritional deficiencies are common and complicate the management. The liver disease in this patient is significant due to presence of jaundice and low blood sugars at presentation. In a habituated alcoholic, an ethanol level of 43 mmol/L or 0.2 g/dL usually does not cause stupor in contrast to that of a nonhabituated patient, where it causes impaired mental activity. Although a habituated man can remain awake even at levels >87 mmoL/L or 0.4 g/dL with the rise in the level of tolerance, usually a nonhabituated man would be stuporous at >65 mmol/L (0.3g/dL) and would lose consciousness at >87. This patient was also hypoglycemic. T hus, as expected, this man is not expected to be unresponsive with the level of alcohol at 0.36% or 80 mmol/L, and it is the hypoglycemia that has made him unresponsive. Based on this background the following questions will now be answered. About 10 percent of consumed alcohol is absorbed from the stomach, the remainder from the small intestine. Once alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream, it is distributed to all body tissues. Because alcohol is uniformly dissolved in the bodys water, tissues containing a high proportion of water receive a high concentration of alcohol. About 90 percent of absorbed alcohol is metabolized through oxidation in the liver; the remaining 10 percent is excreted unchanged by the kidneys and lungs. In persons with a history of excessive alcohol consumption, upregulation of the necessary enzymes results in rapid alcohol metabolism. Alcohol is metabolized by two enzymes: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in the

Diagnostic Imaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Diagnostic Imaging - Essay Example Briefly, multi-slice computed tomography means that the scanner can acquire more than one slice at a time. This is possible because the detector system is composed of more than a single row of detector elements (Attachment B). My aim is to explore the numerous advantages that a multi-slice computed tomography offers over other techniques like single slice spiral computed tomography, the current applications of multi-slice computed tomography and the future trends, as well as determining if there are any drawbacks to this procedure. I feel that this topic is very relevant to radiologic technologists because traditional computed tomography has rapidly evolved over the decades and continues to do so. It is therefore imperative to keep abreast of recent advances in computed tomography, as well as to know the further evolution of this imaging modality. There are many advantages of multi slice computed tomography (refer Table 1). When compared to single slice spiral computed tomography, multi-slice computed tomography seems to have a considerable edge. This is especially seen in case of lung examination with multi-slice computed tomography.1 Some of the observations are: reduced artifacts caused due to breathing and pulsation, the ability to get multiplanar sections through the lung parenchyma with a high resolution, and the possibility to simultaneously evaluate high resolution and standard imaging protocols from just a single data acquisition.2 Three-dimensional techniques like volume rendering and virtual bronchoscopy is also possible with multi-slice computed tomography.3 I, therefore, feel that these advantages gives multi-slice computed tomography a better diagnostic accuracy. However, some of the disadvantages with multi slice computed tomography that one must consider are: difficulty in reviewing and reporting the images, since the volume

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Gender - Essay Example Three main prospects are portrayed in these two articles. The first one is that journalism is not about intellectual ability only but also about having great determination. Women who have to be journalists must be ready to persevere and show dedication in their work. They should be ready to go through thorough training and also have a deep conviction that they can do the work. As Arnold Bennett puts it, journalism Ã¢â‚¬Ëœwill surely prove both exhausting and disappointing to those whose hearts are not set fast upon itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. To those who do not have what she terms as Ã¢â‚¬Ëœiron determinationÃ¢â‚¬â„¢, to go against all odds, will find a hard time being n journalism. However, for those who are determined and persevering, they will surely overcome the disappointments that come along with journalism and hence find their work interesting and fulfilling. One who aspires to be a journalist must also be a good writer and one who loves to read newspapers and periodicals in a regular basis. It involves a lot of reading and a need to know more time after time. Hence, someone who does not have a natural love for reading will have a hard time in the field of journalism. An aspiring female journalist should possess the talent of coming up with new ideas regularly and be willing and ready to share them with other people. She should be creative and know how to argue out points and facts so as to gain the confidence and acceptance of her ideas to people. A female journalist must also be ready to face the prejudices that the society has against women. Even in collection of information, men will always be biased on the type of information that they give females since they feel that the females cannot understand some issues. As much as many women can now be seen in the field of journalism, very few can be found in the most influential positions that involve decision making.

NURSING CAPSTONE PRACTICUM Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NURSING CAPSTONE PRACTICUM - Research Paper Example Although it is thought that reviewing the material and learning how to answer computer-generated questions are the optimal preparation methods for the NCLEX-RN examination, strategies that build self-confidence, knowledge, and the professionalism of the nurse are equally important (Hermann & Johnson, 2009). There are several different types of testing styles, and each student will be comfortable with a different type of examination style, depending on which portion of the cerebrum they are most comfortable using; those who are most comfortable with the left frontal lobe prefer oral presentations, abstract questions, summarization, essay questions, investigative writing, and multiple choice questions. Students who are predominant in their right frontal lobe prefer computerized essay questions, project submissions, and composition questions. Those whose principal lobe is the left posterior lobe are best with matching questions, true or false questions, and precise memorization, while t hose whose principal lobe is the right posterior are uncomfortable with any form of exam, prefer practical questions, and feel a compulsion to engage in conversation around the examinations (Taylor, 2012); once the student is familiar with what category they fall into, they can work to adapt to that style, and overcome the difficulties that may be presented due to the type of testing style used on the NCLEX-RN examination. Most students will explore a number of NCLEX preparation resources in addition to taking an extensive NCLEX preparation or review course prior to taking the examination; they will also most likely access an NCLEX Self-Assessment module (University of Washington, 2013) , such as the one found at Test Prep Review (Test Prep Review, 2013). Key aspects in making sure that the student passes the NCLEX-RN examination include

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Formal Proposal 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Formal Proposal 2 - Essay Example The data obtained from primary and secondary sources will be analyzed. The study finds that the establishment of an environment which empowers affiliations and networking in the healthcare will facilitate safety and effectiveness to all clinical procedures. Therefore, this system needs to be integrated into all hospital settings. P.O. Box 25736 Shreveport, LA 71107 Date: October, 12, 2013 I am attaching a proposal for a research paper on the topic of Ã¢â‚¬Å"Creating an Environment that Empowers Monitoring and Sharing within Hospital SettingsÃ¢â‚¬ for favor of your consideration and kind approval. I will base my research on an extensive review of the existing literature on the subject as well as ascertain relevant information from a sample population that will include the represent the patients and healthcare staff. In order to attain the objectives of the research, I plan to collect primary data through interviews with nurses and secondary data by means of literature review. T he topic will be of relevance to all hospital settings as well as scholars and academicians in the field of nursing and patient care. I will use the most credible and reliable sources for the research so as to render maximum authenticity to the data. I thank you immensity in anticipation for an opportunity to conduct a study of this nature that can be beneficial to professionals working in this field. Yours sincerely, Porsha Williams Table of Contents IntroductionÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Research MethodologyÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Solutions and CriteriaÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 ResultsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Analysis and ConclusionsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....10 RecommendationÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Reference PageÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Introduction Medical errors can occur in healthcare settings if proper communication does not occur between patients and nurses as well as other healthcare professionals. The problem I am proposing to solve is that of Ã¢â‚¬Å"How associations and interacting within clinical milieu impacts patient care and nursing enactment; Ã¢â‚¬Å"Problem in modifying societal crescendos, lack of cross ethnic understanding harmfully sways patientsÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ careÃ¢â‚¬ . One of the solutions that I recommend is to, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Embolden associations and interacting transversely diverse groups and sections for purely provided patient maintenance.Ã¢â‚¬ Another solution that I put forward is that of, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mentoring and allotment of participations within c linical setting upsurges patients maintenance provision and nursing proficiencyÃ¢â‚¬ Some of the expected outcomes that I expect when this solutions are implemented well are that the solutions aim at looking at associations and interactions as an imperative contrivance that greatly impacts a safe and effective clinical practice that drives and influences a higher competent nursing care. The criteria that these solutions when affected will put into effective use that of affordability on the side of the patients and the aesthetic values of the nurses. An ethical moral that must be executed by the nurses to guarantee that the patients interrelate with them is

Michael Milken Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Michael Milken - Essay Example Immediately after paying this debt, he resumed his lifelong philanthropic activities. Milken has promised that he will someday write his side of the controversy; but for now he feels it's less productive to focus on the past than to be involved in supporting the effort to accelerate medical solutions. Interviewer: Michael, that paragraph quoted from your website seems to imply that you don't believe you did anything wrong, that it was all a vast conspiracy to bring you down. Since you don't believe what you did was wrong, could you tell us whether you would do it again provided you didn't get caught MM: Ohh, that's a loaded question. First off let me point out that I violated the law and I was fined and I was imprisoned for almost 2 years of my life. So yes, what I did violated the law. There is a wider question though, and that is, how do we define what is wrong And I think that's the point being made on the website. The fact is I'm the only person in the history of that legislation to be prosecuted under it. And though I know I'm a fairly unique guy, I don't for one minute believe that I'm the only person who has violated that legislation.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Relationship Between Leadership And Change Management Essay

Relationship Between Leadership And Change Management Essay Organizations have to endure significant and traumatic changes in order to survive in the dynamic and competitive business environment. Leadership plays a vital role in the implementation of organizational change. This study will discuss how leaders would effectively implement such strategic changes with specific approaches, theories and styles of leadership. The author will relate to appropriate organizational examples and incorporate academic frameworks models of leadership. Defining Leadership Although many people have tried to define leadership there is no single definition that would capture the essence of leadership. Daft suggested that Leadership is an influence relationship among leaders and followers, who intend real changes that reflect their shared purposes (Daft 2008, p.4). Yukl stated that Leadership is the process of influencing others to understand and agree about what needs to be done and how to do it, and the process of facilitating individual and collective efforts to accomplish shared objectives (Yukl 2006, p.26).Both Daft Yukl gave similar view points and spoke about the ability of a leader to influence followers in order to achieve a shared objective. For some people, leadership is a trait or ability, for others it is a skill or behavior whereas still for others leadership is a relationship. Therefore it is evident that people have a wide range of perspective on leadership (Northhouse, 2009). Therefore it is taken into authors consideration that leadership is the ability to influence followers to improve performance in sequence to achieve a shared objective. For a leader to be able to achieve the objective he/she should possess the right attitude and right skills. . Defining Change Dawson (2003 , p.11) stated that there can never be a universal theory for organizational change, as change involves a movement to some future state that comprises a context and time that remains unknown. Whereas Matcheva (2010) mentioned that organizational change refers to the fundamental and thorough reorientation in the way the organization operates. Organizational change may occur due to several internal and external environmental factors. The external factors will consist of political, economical, social and technological stimuli where as internal factors will be factors such as organizations management policies and styles, systems, procedures and employee attitudes. (Buono, 2009) Perry (2006) argued that change is inevitable and therefore should be planned for and form part of the normal process of management. Burke (2011, p.1) gave a different view mentioning Organizations change all the time each and every day. The change that occurs in organizations is for the most part unplanned and gradual. Relationship between leadership and change Change has been a challenging area and has affected many organizations. Organizations have to endure such significant change in order to survive in the dynamic and competitive business environment. The change must be aligned according to organizational culture, values, people and behaviors to encourage the desired results. Therefore human leadership plays a key role in making change a success. Such transformation is difficult and will definitely result in resistance and resentment by employees. The social and psychological fear of change and the lack of technical expertise will affect the change process. Therefore Leaders should be equipped with skills that would enable effective strategic change. David (2004) also emphasized how leadership could help overcome resistance to change. He indicates that In order for World Class Organizations to survive, management must understand that change is inevitable and that they themselves are responsible for overcoming employee resistance through sound management and change-oriented leadership (David, 2004). Globalization, technological changes, knowledge management and cross boundary collaboration are the four major forces affecting organizational change. Change could occur either in the external environment or macro environment. Organizations are in need of innovative and creative visionaries who understand how to make decisions in such changes Tappin (2009). An effective change leader should have a sense of purpose and a vision, ability to manage people through tough situations, ability to take accountability and responsibility and motivate people to achieve respective goals. Once people believe in leaders, the excitement will drive them to achieve targets. Therefore it is evident that there is a strong relationship between leadership and change. Leadership plays a major role in minimizing resistance to change as well as ensuring smooth execution of change. Importance of leadership in change The most challenging aspect of a business is leading and managing change. With the business environment being subject to fast paced economic and social change modern businesses need to adapt and be flexible to survive. The main challenge in leading change is to manage human resources. As mentioned by Kotter (1999, p.19) More change demands more leadership Kotter emphasized the need of a leader to manage change. Nilakant Ramanarayan (2006) also mentioned the importance of leadership during each phase of change, mainly the execution stage. Kotter (1999, p.7) identified one of the most common errors of organizational failures during change as its inability to create a powerful guiding coalition. He stressed on the importance of strong line leadership during change. Kotter identified a 8 stage change process which consist of Establishing a sense of urgency. Creating a guiding coalition. Developing a vision and strategy. Communicating the change vision. Empowering broad based action. Generating short term wins. Consolidating gains and produce more change. Anchoring new approaches in the culture. (Kotter, 1996, p.21) In order to follow the above steps, an initiative needs to be taken which demands leadership. Through the above approach leaders would be able to act as a change agent minimizing resistance to change. Tappin (2009) mentioned that a leader needs to develop the following characteristics in order to manage change. A vision, and be able to communicate it to their organizations An orientation to serving An entrepreneurial mind-set A commitment to continuous innovation A global mindset Ease and confidence with technology Know-how in systems thinking (a broad view of the inter-relationship of an organizations parts, rather than a narrow view that is focused on one part or event.) A sense of ethics and appreciation of spirituality in the workplace A commitment to continuous learning, personal and professional development Tappin stated characteristics that he believes should be present in a change leader. An in-depth analysis need to be taken in order to identify the most effective approach a leader could follow when managing change. As the characteristics of a change leader have been laid down above. It is appropriate to carry out a thorough analysis on leadership styles and approaches and thus identify which style or approach is greatly suited. Styles of Leadership There have been many studies conducted to evaluate and identify different types of leadership styles. Goleman (2011) identified six leadership styles. They are Coercive, Authoritative, Affiliative, Democratic, Pacesetting and Coaching. He argued that leaders who have four or more styles especially Authoritative, Democratic, Affiliative and Coaching styles will be able to drive a better business performance and maintain a good climate delivering better results. According to Northouse (2009) the primary study on styles of leadership was conducted by Lewinn, Lippitt and White (1939). The main styles of leadership they identified are Authoritative, Democratic and Lassiez-faire. Northouse (2009) mentioned that a leader may display a combination of these styles and execute each of these styles in a given circumstance. Coercive style This style is also known as the Autocratic model. According to Goleman (2011) coercive type leaders expect immediate compliance from its followers. These types of leaders are very competent in self control, initiating and achieving results. The above style works best in crisis situation where quick change is required as well as situations with problem employees. But the coercive model may have a detrimental effect on the employees therefore should be used with extreme care. It may impact the morale and feelings of the followers and may negatively affect employee motivation. In almost all cases, autocratic leadership style helps improve organizational efficiency and contribute to the bottom line in the short-term. This improvement is however a quick fix, coming at the cost of erosion of a companys underlying assets and laying the foundation for permanent damage in the future (Nayab, 2010). Therefore this can be considered as the least effective style of all leadership styles since it has a negative influence on the overall climate of the organization. In 2007 Martha Stewart single handedly turnaround her ailing Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia. In her we find a substantial amount of controversy but she continues to prosper with her organization and is effectively served by her autocratic style of leadership as well. But critics say that she wouldnt have reached the verge of bankruptcy and would have achieved more if she had not followed her autocratic style (Nayab, 2010) This example suggests that Martha was not able to reach her full potential and achieve success with her autocratic style during the turnaround because of its aggressive nature. Authoritative Style An authoritative leader is a person who guides people towards a vision and follow organizational goals and strategies. This is a more flexible strategy where the followers are permitted to be innovative, experiment and take calculated risk which will give the follower a sense of belonging and involvement to the organization (Goleman, 2011).This style of leadership works best when change is required in a new vision or clear direction is needed. His research indicates that this is the most effective style of leadership. But a leader who is working with experts who are more experienced will find it difficult to apply this style. The team members may sense that the leader is trying to dominate. Northouse(2009) also gave a similar view on authoritative style of leadership. He mentioned that Authoritarian leadership is used to give direction, set goals, and structure work. He identified positives and negatives of using such style for leadership. The positives are that there is a person to give direction and clarity to employees work which will bring about productivity and efficiency enabling accomplishments of goals in a shorter period. On the other hand this style will hamper individuality and will create dependence on the leader which will result in subordinates losing interest and becoming dissatisfied with their work. Both of the viewpoints above can be related to Mc Gregors Theory X. The assumptions he made are applicable for the followers of authoritarian leaders. He made three assumptions which are as follows. The average person dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. Because people dislike work, they need to be directed, and sometimes threatened with punishment or reminded of rewards to make them work. The average person prefers to be directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has little ambition, and wants security more than choice. (Northouse, 2009) The authoritarian leader needs to provide direction to its followers and control them. Therefore they will be in charge and take up responsibility to control the group. Considering the above three authors ideas the authoritative style of leadership would be a suited style of leadership in managing change because during change the entire company needs to be given proper direction and their needs to be someone to take responsibility and take initiative by creating a vision to manage change. The CEO of Microsoft Bill Gates is considered an authoritative leader who was able to successfully move Microsoft in the direction he saw the industry moving. He is considered as a leader with a vision who aligned Microsoft with that vision (Authoritative Leaders,2006) CEO of DELL Michael Dell identified the requirement of change in their customer services department and executed a unique strategy of his own to retain and satisfy its large customer base, unlike other companies he introduced a strategy where customer queries are directed to a real human voice not a voice mail system. In an environment where the trend is towards voicemail systems Michael Dell introduced such a system (Franklin, 1998) This in fact displays his leadership and vision in understanding the work his people do at all levels as well as his understanding the requirement for change according to the trend. Affiliative style Affiliative style of leadership is a more human friendly style. Its a style which helps to create harmony and build emotional bonds. People come first always. Communication is considered a key element. This style is best suited to motivate people during stressful situations. Even though there are certain advantages of using this style constant use of this style will also have its drawbacks. When employees are over praised they might lose focus and may lead to poor performance. Over reliance on this model may lead the company to fail (Goleman 2009). Kotter (1999, p.37) mentioned Communication of ideas helps people see the need for and the logic of change. Therefore according to his findings the affiliative style could be considered a suitable style of leadership to adopt during change due to it focusing on communication as a key element. Democratic Style The democratic style of leadership gets the followers to participate and express their opinion. The leader builds trust, respect and commitment from the employees. Communication collaboration and team leadership plays an important role. The leader will listen to employees ideas and concerns thus learning how to keep the spirit of the employees high (Goleman2010). This style will work best when the leader itself is uncertain about the path to be taken. The drawback of such a style is that the leader will be receiving endless opinions resulting in difficulty of making a proper decision. Northouse(2009) also gave a similar view on democratic style of leadership. He said that democratic leaders always try to treat its subordinates fairly. This leader will not to be controlling rather they will listen and obtain support from all subordinates. This is a collective approach of leadership where the leader will be consulting subordinates. The democratic leadership style resembles the assumptions of Mc Gregors Theory Y. Which are as follows People like work People are self motivated People accept and seek responsibility. (Northouse, 2009) Since people are fully capable of doing their work alone theory Y stresses that people neednt be controlled by their leaders as they are self motivated. Kotter(2009, p.38) has also mentioned the importance of participation and involvement to overcome resistance to change . The democratic style concentrates on participation and involvement which will help overcome resistance to change. Therefore could be considered as a good style of leadership to manage change. Anne Mulcahy, CEO of Xerox also used a democratic style of leadership. She led Xerox through a major transformation. In the task of cutting costs quickly, she used the knowledge of employees and encouraged them to give their opinion. Together they were able to do so. (Helliriegel, Jackson and Slocum, 2008, p.509) Pace setting style This style focuses on developing people for the future. The leader set high standards and expect employees to follow them. The leader demands for excellence, therefore employees will feel that they are being stretched beyond their capability. This is best suited when quick results are needed from a motivated and competent team, but gives an overall negative impact on organizational climate (Goleman 2010). Since change in a company is a long term effect the pace setting leader may have a negative effect. They do more harm than good when an organization needs long term results (Chynoweth 2008). The 8th CEO of General Electric Jack Welch strongly believed in leading by example. He was a persistent and demanding executive and showed characteristics of a pace setting leader. He turned the company from $12 billion into a $500 billion market capitalization. He was renowned for his human process to drive change having respect for each individual in the process of change (Pace Setting Leadership, 2006) Coaching style Personal success purely brings achievement. Helping others succeed confers genuine accomplishment. Passion for success through others -the common aspiration of the consultant, counselor and coach is a source of synergy and a hallmark of leadership (Goldsmith Lyons, 2006.p.1). These types of leaders train new leaders for the future. The leaders help employees to learn and develop their skills even if it may take time and not achieve organizational goals. This style is the least used by leaders the reason being leaders not having time to go through teaching employees in a highly pressurized competitive business environment. The style will work best where the employees are willing to improve their performance and build long term strengths (Goleman, 2010). Other than Authoritarian and Democratic style of leadership Northouse identified the Lassiez-faire style which does not resemble any of the characteristics of the above six styles. Lassiez Faire Northouse (2009, p44) mentioned that The Lassiez-faire leader is a nominal leader who engages in minimal influence. This style has no relation to either Theory X or Theory Y. The leadership responsibilities are shared by all. This mainly relies on good team work and good interpersonal relationship skills also can be useful in businesses where creative ideas are important. Unlike the autocratic method this style of leadership can be highly motivational as people have control over their working life. (Northouse 2009). This style is suited for less critical areas of change where followers are specialists who are capable and independent. But it is arguable whether change could be successful with such a hands-off style of leadership. Gucci CEO Robert Polet uses the lassiez-faire style but within a framework so that he doesnt lose control (Gitman Daniel, 2009). He may have opted to choose the above strategy due to the drawbacks of the leadership style Theories of Leadership Trait Theory There are many different types of leadership attributes, traits and qualities; these may differ from person to person. E.g. Bill Gates is known for his intelligence and for being a visionary, whereas Oprah Winfrey is recognized by the world as a very influential leader and an excellent communicator. As listed by Northouse (2007) some of the positive leadership attributes are, trust worthy, positive, dynamic, honest, encouraging, motivational, builds confidence and intelligent. However there are also some negative attributes that leaders carry with them which are asocial, egocentric, loner, dictatorial and ruthless. One or more of these attributes are usually very commonly seen in every individual although they would differ from person to person. Leadership traits are the qualities that people often associate with leaders. As indicated by Shead (2007) the five most important leadership traits are, honest, forward looking, competent, inspiring and intelligent. Both Northouse and Shead mentioned the importance of honesty as a key attribute to leadership. When Toyota had to recall vehicles due to faulty brakes Jim Lentz, CEO of Toyota handled the situation really well by being transparent and honest. He was brave enough to face a live interview. His quick response helped minimize the damage made to Toyotas reputation. Therefore it is evident that leaders should be equipped with the necessary skills and competencies to handle change. Transformational Theory Bass Riggio (2006, p.3) described transformational leaders as those who stimulate and inspire followers to both achieve extraordinary outcomes and in the process, develop their own leadership capacity. Transformational leaders behave inspire and motivate people, encourages creativity and stimulate followers, pays individual attention to its followers in order to become successful (Bass Riggio 2006). Hacker Roberts (2004, p.3) Transformational leadership is the comprehensive and integrated leadership capacities required of individuals, groups or organizations to produce transformation as evidenced by step functional improvement. The two statements above have a common thinking which suggests that the leader should be the transformer and has to act as the initiator. Hacker Roberts gave a broader view concentrating on the individual as wel the organization. Whereas Bass Riggio gave a more specific view as in how leaders could be transformational as an individual. To be successful at transformational leadership there are some components that were put forward by Bass and Riggio (2006). They mention four components that describe the transformation leader and leaders are strongly required to possess these components in order to be successful transformation leaders. The components put forward by Bass and Riggio (2006) are; Idealized Influence: Leaders should behave as role models; they can be counted on to do the right thing demonstrating high standards of ethical and moral conduct. Inspirational motivation: Leaders must behave in ways that inspire and motivate followers. Team spirit should arouse while displaying enthusiasm and optimism. Intellectual stimulation: Stimulate followers efforts to be innovative and creative, by questioning assumptions, reframing problems and approaching old situations in new ways. Individualized consideration: Leaders should pay attention to each individual followers need to achieve and grow by being a coach and mentor to them. The leader also improves communication between the followers and also must be a careful listener. Through idealized influence, individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation, transformational leaders are likely to promote performance beyond expectations and achieve enormous changes within individuals and organizations. The above four components are evident in Sam Walton the founder of Wal-Mart. He showed his appreciation and thus inspired his associates and spoke to his customers by visiting all of the Wall-Mart stores around the country. His approach enabled to minimized resistance to change in Wall-marts culture of constant change (Bergdahl, 2006). Charisma could be considered a key ingredient in transformational leaders. Bass Riggio (2006, p.5) Transformational leadership has much in common with charismatic leadership, but charisma is only part of transformational leadership. Steve Jobs is also considered a transformational leader. His vision, charisma and communication skills are part of his success (Krietner, 2007, p.453). His vision enabled him to position his company in the changing world market by introducing cutting edge products like iMac, iPad and iPhone. Conclusion The global competitive business environment has changed dramatically over the past. As a result the need for competitive leadership to handle change is clear. One of the most difficult responsibilities of leadership is leading change. This study reveals certain leader skills and abilities necessary for successful organizational change. Leaders who exercise attributes such as a vision, good interpersonal skills, communicational skills, motivational skills and supportive team skills are more effective in driving change because they are the key elements through which successful results can be achieved. There are lots of arguments for and against each of the leadership styles and approaches. According to authors observation the lassiez-faire style, coercive style and pace setting style may considered least effective whereas affiliative, coaching, democratic style and transformational approach could be considered the most effective. There is no exact model of leadership that could be used; rather there are multiple models all of which have their place depending on the demands of the organization. The leader should be capable of identifying the best method appropriate in a given situation taking into consideration the individual leader and organizational environment. Different styles of leadership will suite different types of change. There is no hard and fast rule that a certain type of leadership is perfect for a given change situation. The leadership style will depend on the organization, individual skill levels and attitude of followers. Therefore authoritative style and democratic style could be recommended in general as the author thinks it is the most appropriate because it powers commitment, communication as well as direction.

The History Of Cadbury Chocolates Marketing Essay

The History Of Cadbury Chocolates Marketing Essay Cadbury chocolate development is not very well in a few years before. There was international acquisition between Kraft, Mars, Nestle and Cadbury. As a result, Kraft won the acquisition which is successful to have ownership of Cadbury. In recent years, Cadbury promotes Daily Milk chocolate with using Youtube movie such as Cadbury Eyebrows. When this movie uploads to Youtube, it spreads faster in the world. The most special is background music. When everyone listen the music in everywhere, they must link up to Cadbury chocolate. Therefore, most of people pay more attention on Cadbury this brand name and their products. . In the current market, there will be used SWOT to analyze as below: Strength: The famous brand name in the world including Hong Kong. The brand has almost 200 years history. In 2007, Cadbury promote new 10 products which are focus on healthy and high class. In 2009, the Eyebrows movie has changed the Cadbury traditional styles to become trendy. Weakness: Cadbury did not launch chocolate premium in special festivals which are Valentines Day, Halloween ,Christmas and so on in recent years. Opportunities: Cadbury can enlarge their market share in Hong Kong. They can open a specialty shop for selling chocolate products such as chocolate snacks, chocolate drinks, and chocolate cakes. They can do more promotion like coupons, trial products for customers. Also, they can make a cross over with Oreo chocolate cookies. Its can enhance the brand awareness. Threat: Cadbury chocolate was discovered some products have salmonella and melamine in 2006 and 2008. It is enormous impact of the brand. Customers lost the confidence of Cadbury chocolates. Also, they have many competitors such as Kinder, Toblerone, Ferrero Rocher and the other chocolate products. 1a.Competitive analysis In Hong Kong, the main competitor of Cadbury is Mars, Incorporated. They have famous products in Hong Kong such as MMs, Dove, Mars and Maltesers. Besides, they have five principles in their mission which are Quality, Responsibility, Mutuality, Efficiency and Freedom. They are using these five principles to give the best to customers and fulfill their needs. It can keep the good relationship with customers. Moreover, there are using lots of promotion to their chocolate products. For example, advertising on TV, magazines and posters. Also, internet like Facebook and Youtube must be the main channels for selling products. Furthermore, Mars, Incorporated has lots of product lines with good reputation. Different types of product can match different types of customers. It will be the strength of the brand to attract different customers. Also, the company would like to use cartoon to be celebrity endorsement to attract children to buy chocolate such as MM chocolate product use cartoon characters to promote. It is very successful. In the weakness, the brand awareness is not higher. Because of too many product lines in the brand, so most of customers only know the line of the brand. They dont know the head of the brand is Mars, Incorporated. 2.Cadburys Marketing Strategy Cadbury is using marketing mix as their marketing strategy. Marketing mix can control four tactical marketing tools which are product, price, place and promotion in order to produce the response it wants in the target market. Cadbury can do everything to influence the demand of those chocolate products. Cadbury offers different flavor of chocolate to the children and their parents, for example milk chocolate, dark chocolate, fruit and nut chocolate and whole nut chocolate. They are provided with high quality as Cadbury launched the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership, developing cocoa farms in Ghana, India, Indonesia and the Caribbean. These places are suitable for the cultivation of cocoa beans, and therefore Cadbury can control the quality of cocoa beans to produce chocolate products. There are different package of the chocolate products such as boxes, bags and bars. So that customers have many choices on choosing the type of packaging and flavors, and all the products are sold under Cadburys brand name with purple packages. Besides, Cadbury use cost-based pricing to set the chocolate products. They set the price based on the costs for producing, distributing, and selling the products plus a fair rate of return for its effort and risk. Sometimes, they will offer some discounts to reward customers for certain responses. The forms of discounts include cash discount and quantity discount. They would like to lower price of the chocolate products or buy large volumes with price reduction to buyers. Such discounts provide an incentive to the consumers to buy more. About the promotion mix they use are advertising on TV and magazines, sales promotion and public relations. Cadbury can promote their products through these channels, bringing the message share the joy today to the potential customers, communicate customer value and build a loyalty relationship with them. In the London 2012, Cadbury is one of the sponsors in this event, creating the sports and stripes event to bring the excitement of London 2012. Also, Cadbury created a athlete team that can be used across the business to motivate and inspire. Cadbury chocolate products sell in the convenience store like 7-Eleven, Circle K, Vingo and supermarket. These places are the consumers most likely to shop. Cadbury is using intensive distribution strategy, stocking the chocolate products in many outlets. As a result, these chocolate are available in everywhere when consumers want them so as to provide brand exposure and consumer convenience. 3.Branding Strategy Cadbury is using line extension strategy to apply the products it sells. Cadbury is likely to introduce the additional items in a given product category under Cadburys brand name, such as new flavor( milk, dark chocolate, fruit nut, caramel, truffles), forms, colors(purple), ingredients( vegetarian, nut-absent, Gluten-absent) or package sizes ( bags, bars, boxes, tins). Line extension brings more benefits for the firms and consumers. For the Cadbury, they might introduce new chocolate in a lower cost and lower risk way. Also they might want to meet consumer desire for variety, use excess capacity or simply to command more shelf space from resellers, giving more choice to consumers. On the others, there might be self-cannibalization and consumer confusion if the added chocolates have no differentiations from customers perspective. 4.Product marketing 4a.Point-of-purchase Cadbury chocolates are selling in the supermarkets and convenience stores. There are many types of Cadbury products. Locations are large and rent is lower. Some stores are located near residential areas. 4b.Product Life-Cycle Stage Cadbury chocolates are in the maturity stage. They have brand loyalty because of the long history of the brand. However, some products are launched a long time. It will go to decline stage. Therefore, it needs to do more sales promotion and personal selling to retain customers. 4c.Product Uniqueness Cadbury chocolate products have point-of-different. Their unique point is Cadbury chocolates using Green packaging and Fair-trade. About green packaging, they are using packaging design and waste strategy. They have environment concern such as using paper, board and cellulose film materials to make their product package. It can achieve substantial development. Also, Cadbury Dairy Milk has announced the investment plans for its first Fair-trade social premium to cocoa farmers in Ghana. The packaging also has the fair trade label to show that producers have better living condition and consumers can use lower price to get the products. It is good for both parties in the business. 5.Promotional Mix Promotional mix refers the basic tools used to accomplish an organizations communication objectives. The promotional mix has included six elements: advertising, direct market, internet marketing, sales promotion, public relations and personal selling. Each element as an integrated marketing communications tool that plays a distinctive role in an IMC program. Advertising refers any pay form of nonpersonal communication about the organization, product, service, or idea by an identified sponsor. The nonpersonal component means that advertising involves mass media such as TV, poster, magazine that can transmit a message to large groups of individuals at the same time. Direct marketing refers organizations communicate directly with target customers to generate a response, it involves different activities such as direct selling, database management and direct response advertising through direct mail, the internet and broadcast. Internet Marketing refers the interative media allow for a back-and-forth flow of information whereby users can participate in and modify the form and content of the information they receive in real time. The new media allow users receive and alter information and images, respond to questions and make purchases. For the internet, the interactive media include interactive television and mobile phone. Sales promotion refers marketing activities that provide extra value or incentives to the sales force, the distributors, or the ultimate consumer and can stimulate immediate sales. Public relations refers the management function which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procures of an individual or organization with the public interest, and executes an action to earn public understanding and acceptance, it is aims to establish and maintain a positive image of the company for the publics. Personal selling refers a form of person to person communication in which a seller attempts to assist prospective buyers to purchase the companys product or service or to act on an ideas. Cadbury used advertising, Sales promotions, Public relations and internet marketing to promote their companys product. For the advertising, Cadbury has poster in MTR and in store display at different supermarkets. The advantage of advertising is low promotional cost for the company, the interesting and beautiful poster or the in store display can attract customers attention. Also, the poster can let people watch a long time to know more the products details. The disadvantage of the advertising is it only can deliver a brief message about the product, it may only have a short term memory in customers mind. Moreover, the poster usually needs a larger place. Sometimes, it is difficult to find a suitable place for the companys poster and the poster is easily to be impaired by the human destruction or the weather condition. For the sales promotion, Cadbury has promoted the coupons and sweepstakes for the customer. For example, if the customers buy at least three products, it will have discount to buy the product. Also, Cadbury would holds some sweepstakes with other companies for the customers, the award will be concert tickets or some special drinks provide by other companies. The advantage of sales promotion is it can appeals price sensitive to consumers and offer discounts without retailer cooperation. Also, the promotional activities will easily attract the customers buy more products and it may motivate non target group customers try to taste the product and encourage customers buy the product again. The disadvantage of sales promotion is the cost will increase and low redemption rates. It often used by loyal consumers who would purchase anyway and hard to tell how many consumers will use them and when. Consumers only focus on sweepstakes, not brand. Sometimes, it may misredemption and fraud such as customer redemption for a product or size not specified on the coupon. For the public relations, Cadbury has a sponsorship with the Olympic 2012 in London. The advantage of public relations is it can enhance the companys brand awareness for the customers, It will increase the brand visibility. The disadvantage of public relations is it cannot deliver the products message to customers and the cost of sponsored usually be high. For the internet marketing, Cadbury has Facebook fans pages and Apps in the smartphone play store to provide the latest product information to the customers. The advertising of the internet is target marketing and information access. Target marketing means the Web is the ability to target very specific groups. Information access means the customers can find the products information in the website. The advantage of internet is two way forms of communication. Also, it offers the capability to more closely and precisely measure the effects of advertising and other types of promotion. The disadvantage of internet is customers may lack of motivate to find the advertisement to know the details of product. 6.Media Mix Media mix refers a wide variety of media and media vehicles are available to advertisers. The characteristics of the product or service, the size of the budget, and individual preference are some factors to determine what combination of media will be used. According to different promotional situation, the companies will use different promotional strategy such as TV, coupons and internet. TV is the most effective medium, coupons can stimulate customers to buy the products, Internet can help customers to find the in-depth information. Cadbury has some advertisements on TV. The advantages of TV are creativity and impact, coverage and cost effectiveness, captivity and attention, and selectivity and flexibility. For the creativity and impact, TV has provided a platform for presenting the advertising message. The sight and sound are creative and it can convey the brands image to develop the entertaining appeals that help make a dull product appear interesting. For the coverage and cost effectiveness, the advertising of TV make it possible to reach large audiences, the companies with widespread distribution and availability of their products use TV to deliver their messages at a low cost, it is very cost efficiently. For the captivity and attention, even to increase in viewing options and the automatic devices have made it easier for TV viewers to avoid commercial messages. However, the remaining viewers are devoted some attention on the advertisings messages that means the TV advertising have an effect on consumers mi nd through the repetition and slogans. For the selectivity and flexibility, with the growth of cable TV, the advertiser can refine their coverage further by appealing to groups with specific interests such as sports, news or music. The advertisers can adjust the media strategies of different geographic markets through local advertising in specific market areas and the advertising can run repeatedly of special occasions. The disadvantage of TV is high cost of buying airtime and producing a quality commercial. The geographic selectivity is a problem for local advertisers, TV still cannot offers as much audience selectivity as magazines or direct email for reaching precise segments of the market. The advertising of TV usually leave nothing tangible for the viewer to consider because the time of advertising become shorter and shorter. Moreover, the audience usually did not watch TV in advertising time, they may leave the room to go to the bathroom or get something to drink or eat. Sometimes, the audience may change TV channels to avoid the advertising. 7.Recommendation For the personal selling, when the Cadbury launch new product, they can recruit some short-term promoters to promote the new product. Also, the company can launch more promote events such as free tasting, It can attract the new customers. For the public relation, Cadbury can create more sponsorship with other sports competition and charity to increase the companys image and visibility. Also, the company can have celebrities endorsement, the company can use cartoon characters, famous stars to attract target customers. For example, Johnny Depp, he is a famous film called Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, the theme of this movie is perfect match with Cadburys product. 8.Conclusion After doing the project, we discovered the products in Hong Kong are different from United Kingdom. Compared with Hong Kong, Cadbury is offer more products in UK. There are many types of chocolate products with different package in UK, for example truffles, hazelnut, peanut, toffee popcorn, Oreo chocolate and chocolate drinks. The packages are tins, boxes and bags. However, Hong Kong without these products/ Besides, the Cadburys products in Hong Kong are lack of creative packaging. They will not put more effort on designing the package during Halloween, Christmas, Chinese New Year and Easter. Thus, it cannot attract customers for buying and have no incentive on it. Moreover, Cadbury lack of direct marketing to communicate with consumers although they have advertising on TV, magazines and poster. As a result, there are some improvements. Firstly, Cadbury can introduce more products in a new product line by using brand extension. They can launch a new product or modified products in a new category under Cadburys brand name like chocolate drinks or chocolate ice-cream. From the customer perspective, they will be faster acceptance because Cadbury has long history and well-known in making chocolate. Also they can increase brand usage rate, increasing the frequency with Cadbury the consumer is consumed and making it easier to use and reduce the disincentives for use like sugar-free chocolate. Therefore, it can attract more customers to aware and buy it as the product is innovative and creative. In addition, Cadbury can operate a retail shop to sell their own products, decorating the store as a fairy tale and offering chocolate cake and chocolate drinks. So that customers can enjoy the use of these services and enhancing the brand awareness. Furthermore, Cadbury can be more concentrated on Hong Kong markets since Hong Kong market as the strategic point to enter China market, to be easier to enter China market in the future. Finally, promotion is rather important for Cadbury building its recognition. Since Cadbury can use promotional tools to persuasively communicate consumer value and building relationship with them. They cannot only have advertising on broadcast media and magazines. They can also have point-of-purchase advertising, display the chocolate products in the store shelf, thus reaching more customers and they can be aware of it. Outdoor advertising is also suitable. Signs on buses or MTR can be draw customers attention. Cadbury is the largest chocolate company in the world. We think that Cadbury do not only concentrate on the Americas markets since Asian and European markets are valuable to develop.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Analysis of Through the Tunnel by Doris Lessing Essay -- Through the T

Analysis of Through the Tunnel by Doris Lessing Ã¢â‚¬Å" Through The TunnelÃ¢â‚¬ is written by a lady called Doris Lessing. Through the tunnel is a short story about a boy called Jerry and his mother who are on holiday in Spain. There are three themes to the story, the first is the safe beach . The second is the dangerous beach. The third is when jerry goes through the tunnel. The characters are introduced on their first day on holiday where they are going to the safe beach. It begins when they are walking to the beach and jerry stops to look at the other beach (dangerous beach), JerryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mother stops and looks for him and asks if he wants to go to that beach instead. Guilt gets the better of him because his dad is dead, and he dose not want to leave his mother on her own. The next day it was the same routine of going to the beach and doing swimming and sunbathing all day. His mother asks him the same question as the other day, she wants to let him go and give him some independence. She also wants him with her to make sure he is ok when he is swimming. She was having an inner conflict at this point. Inner conflicts are going on between both characters. As they both carry on walking Jerry blurts out: Ã¢â‚¬Å"IÃ¢â‚¬â„¢d like to go and have a look at those rocks over thereÃ¢â‚¬ The writer makes Jerry say this because in this story Jerry wants to be more mature like an adult than immature like a kid. When she left him to go his own ways, Jerry had some more guilt going through his head. When his mum left him she felt insecure about letting him go his own ways. Ã¢â‚¬Å"once Jerry got to the other beach, he went straight to the sea for a swim. The sea was warm from the heat of the sun, but when the currents of the deep sea came in, it w... ...e he goes under water for a long time his nose starts to bleed. He can hold his breath for one hundred and sixty seconds and when he keeps on practicing he can hold it for two minutes. This is the amount of time he needs to go through the tunnel. when he finds out that he is going home in a couple of days he decides to do it the day before he goes home. The time comes for him to do the challenge he goes to the bay and dives in. when he is going to the tunnel lots of thoughts are going through his head whether he is going to die or not and whether he will see his mother again. Once he gets to the tunnel he starts to go through the tunnel it gets thinner and thinner, and he starts to wonder if he will make it. Jerry makes it through and he is so delighted because he thinks he is mature now, but really he is just the same person as before the challenge.

Blade Servers Essay -- Computers Technology Essays

Blade Servers INTRODUCTION The internet boom in the late 90Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s was the triggering event that created the need for blade servers. It is a fast growing market that emerged recently. DellÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s PowerEdge 1655MC, the IBM eServer Blade Center, and Hewlett-PackardÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s (HPÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s) ProLiant BL20p G2 are few examples that uses blade servers. WHAT IS A BLADE SERVER This is the first question I asked myself when this topic was assigned to me. Blade servers? A server is a computer that supports applications and telecommunications in a network, as well as the sharing of peripheral devices, software, and databases among the workstations in the network. Examples include multi-user network operating systems and specialized software for running Internet, intranet, and extranet Web applications, such as electronic commerce and enterprise collaboration. A blade server is an entire server that fits on a single card, or blade, which means that network interfaces, the CPU, the memory, and the hard disk are installed on the card. The blades are plugged into a single chassis, where an IT manager can generally fit 16 server blades into the space previously occupied by a single server which sits in a rack sharing common components such as power supplies, fans, disk storage, and Ethernet. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Each blade is an independent system, where their compact si ze can be placed in a single server rack or enclosure, where multiple blade servers share electricity and HVAC resourcesÃ¢â‚¬ [4]. They consume less power, generate less heat, cost less money, and have less expansion space per server. WHAT DOES IT CONSIST OF One unit is capable of supporting six blades and is only three-rack unit (RU) in height. A single blade consists of a small metal box that is ... ...ck, Forrester /Research. 9/17/2004. . 6. Blade Servers gain Momentum. Lisa Coleman, InfoStor Magazine. 9/17/2004. 7. Blade Servers Serving Multiple Needs. Francis Chu, Infrastructure. 10/25/2004. . 8. Power to the PC Processor. Todd Spangler, Baseline Magazine. 10/25/2004. . 9. Better Ways to Consolidate Servers. Francis Chu, eWeek. 10/25/2004. . 10. Sharper than your average server: 3 Blades tested. Staff writers, ZDNet Australia. 10/25/2004.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Plagarism in schools Essay

The term Ã¢â‚¬ËœplagiarismÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ comes from the Latin word meaning Ã¢â‚¬ËœkidnappingÃ¢â‚¬â„¢.Ã‚ It is form of academic dishonesty in which one person passes on another persons work, words and ideas as own.Ã‚ Several universities and schools do not allow plagiarism of any sort.Ã‚ Some of the educational institutions often term plagiarism as the worst form of academic dishonesty.Ã‚ They prefer their students to research and use resources in an appropriate manner and also express their own ideas and views.Ã‚ Children often find it difficult to understand what plagiarism is.Ã‚ A student may often use plagiarism in order to compete with others in the same grade.Ã‚ Plagiarism also puts on extra pressure on the teachers, professors and the lecturers in detecting this serious form of dishonesty and taking action against such students (Nagy, 2004, & Dowshen, 2005). In a study conducted by Duke University in several parts of the US, it was found that about 75 % of the students indulged in some form of plagiarism.Ã‚ About 33 % of the students admitted that they plagiarized to a severe extent.Ã‚ In another survey, about 72 % of the students admitted that they plagiarized to serious extents when given home assignments.Ã‚ In another study conducted in High School American students in 1998, 80 % admitted that they plagiarized in some form of the other, and only on 5 % of the occasions were they caught for it (Nagy, 2004). The teachers also do consider that the students frequently indulge in plagiarism.Ã‚ Teachers consider the advent of the internet as a major factor for helping to plagiarize their homework.Ã‚ About 58 % of the teachers consider plagiarism to be an academic issue and about 28 % of them consider that more than 50 % of the students plagiarize their homework.Ã‚ Teachers consider plagiarism to be particular difficult to detect in certain cases and also to be time-consuming (ATL, 2008). In certain occasions plagiarism can be unintentional.Ã‚ It is important for the student to quote the references in all cases and to express the ideas and argument in the own words.Ã‚ The students should also express their ideas in the specific area.Ã‚ Paraphrasing is one way of avoiding plagiarism, but use of individual ideas needs to be incorporated.Ã‚ Other peopleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s words and sentences needs to be clearly quoted.Ã‚ The individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s own ideas can be supported by another personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s views mentioned in the texts.Ã‚ Information taken from several sources and framed using skill and creativity to compile a datasheet cannot be considered as plagiarism (University of Queensland, 2007 & BBC, 2008). References: Association of Teachers & Lecturers (2008). Ã¢â‚¬Å"School work plagued by plagiarism Ã¢â‚¬â€œ ATL survey.Ã¢â‚¬ Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from ATL Web site: http://www.atl.org.uk/atl_en/news/Media_office/releases/plagiarism.asp BBC (2007). Ã¢â‚¬Å"Exploring and Deterring Plagiarism in Schools.Ã¢â‚¬ Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from BBC Web site: http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/actionnetwork/F1635812?thread=3606871 Dowshen, S. (1995). Ã¢â‚¬Å"What is Plagiarism?Ã¢â‚¬ Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from Kidshealth Web site: http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/school/plagiarism.html Nagy, C. (2004). Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dealing with High School Plagiarism.Ã¢â‚¬ Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from New Foundations Web site: http://www.newfoundations.com/ETHICPROP/Nagy718F04.html The University of Queensland, Australia (2007). Ã¢â‚¬Å"What is Plagiarism?Ã¢â‚¬ Retrieved on 2008, March 13, from University of Queensland Web site: http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/plagiarism.html

Barbarian to Humanist

Kimberly Kurata HI 30 Barbarian to Humanist Francois Rabelais wrote, Gargantua in the 16th century as a satirical short story depicting a giant named Gargantua and his transition from his barbaric ways to civilized humanistic way of living. The story takes place during the time of transition from the Medieval Era to the Renaissance. It went from a time of scholasticism and monasticism to a time of humanism and secularism. The Renaissance gave the modern world secularism, humanism and individualism.Throughout the story we see Gargantua evolve into a respectable and honorable man and Frere Jean as a monk who defies all previous views of who and what a monk is. The story of Gargantua illustrates the transition from scholasticism to humanism and in a satirical account through the lives of Gargantua and Frere JeanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s. Humanism can be defined as the cultural intellectual way of thinking that focuses on human beings exposing themselves to their own potential.This way of thinking emerg ed during the time of the Renaissance. It was the new movement to broaden an individual's narrow seeking mind. Scholasticism was the scholarship that went on in monasteries where the tradition was the study and focus on only theological issues. Before humanism rose, scholasticism was the only type of higher education. Scholasticism consisted of memorizing texts and focusing on obscure questions. Humanists criticized and completely rejected this form of living.The humanistÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s core value can be summond up in one description by Leonardo DaVinci, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Luomo UniversaleÃ¢â‚¬ ,the universal man is interested in everything, not one thing. GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s early life can be described as a medieval type of living. He was birthed, Ã¢â‚¬Å"As a result of that mishap, the cotyledonary veins of the womb were released from above and the child sprang through the midriff (which is situated above the shoulders where the aforesaid vena divides into two) took the left path and emerged through her left ear. [1] The way Gargantua was birthed is a metaphor to the type of world he was being born into. The old way of living was based around the Greek way of thinking. GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s birth can be paralleled to the classical reference of the birth of many Greek gods. While growing up, Gargantua was shown as a child with barbaric tendencies. His inappropriate ways and signs of pure immaturity can be exemplified when he would, Ã¢â‚¬Å"drink out of his slippers, regularly scratch his belly on wicker work baskets, cut his teeth on his clogsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ et off fat fartsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ shovel the soil back into the ditchÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ Ã¢â‚¬ . [2] In GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s young mind, one of his greatest achievements was figuring out the best object to wipe his bum with; stupidity, was at an all time high. GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s ways prove the simplicity and barbarism of his character. One of the main sources of GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s lack of knowledge at a young age sprouted from his first tutor, Magister Thuba l Holofernes whose intelligence, or lack of intelligence, focused around the Scholaticism movement. He taught Gargantua his ABC so well that he could recite it by heart backwards. He spent five years and three months over that. Ã¢â‚¬ [3] The chief concern of of the Scholastics such as Holofernes, was not to learn new facts but to it integrate the knowledge already acquired by the Greeks. This example is also connected to monasticism because Rabelais is poking fun at the fact that the monks would sit in solitude for years and just memorize the BibleÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s text, a tradition that humanists completely rejected.These traditional doctrines and way of living were useless and repetitive. This skill Ã¢â‚¬â€œ reciting the alphabet backwards Ã¢â‚¬â€œ was a satirical swipe at scholasticism's knowledge for knowledgeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s sake. Finally GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s father, Grandgousier, came to realize the lack of knowledge his son had when a young page named Eudemon embarrassed Gargantua, who was Ã ¢â‚¬Å"an ideal Renaissance youth, clean, healthy, skilled in Latin and at elegant speaking, but his rhetoric is more eloquent than truthful in his praise of the young giant. [4] After the young page praised Gargantua so beautifully, GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s, Ã¢â‚¬Å"behavior was merely to a blubber like a cow and hide his face in his bonnet. Ã¢â‚¬ [5] With that, the decision was made that Gargantua would go to France and learn the new ways of classicism. This signified not only the transition of Gargantua from medieval and scholastic ways, but all of EuropeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s transition to ways of humanism. Once in Paris, Gargantua made drastic improvements in education with his new tutor Ponocrates. At first, Ponocrates decided to observe Gargantua and the activities he partook in on a normal day.Seeing GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s daily routine and how useless his old education had made him, Ponocrates realized he had no time to spare with GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s narrow-scholastic mind. Ponacrates way of teachi ng could be seen as the way he disciplined GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mind. He made Gargantua clear his mind of anything he learned from previous tutors, and fill it with the new humanistic subjects of learning. To start off, Gargantua was awoke every morning around four am, Ã¢â‚¬Å"While he was being rubbed down, a passage of the Holy Scripture was read out to him, loud and clearÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Gargantua would often devote himself to revering, worshipping, supplicating and adoring God in his goodness, whose majesty and marvelous judgements were revealed by the reading. Ã¢â‚¬ [6] This shows one of the major components of humanism, the balance between religious and secular views. Humanism was indeed against most religious traditions but it was not against God and the belief in God. Humanism was focused on the human being reaching his or her full potential in all aspects of life. Focusing on one skill or talent was cutting an individual short; being well-rounded was glorified and stressed with humanis ts.Striving to become his or her best whether it was the simple task of getting dressed in the morning. Ã¢â‚¬Å"[Gargantua] was dressed, combed, brushed, perfumed and made elegant, during which time yesterdayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s lessons were gone over with him. He would recite them by heart and base on them some practical matters concerning our human condition; they might extend it to some two or three hours but normally stopped once he was fully dressed. Ã¢â‚¬ [7] The distinction between the two educations in GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s case are clear.Gargantua accomplished more in the first three hours of waking up in this new humanistic way of living, than he did in probably a week or two with scholasticism. Gargantua mastered subjects such as arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Ã¢â‚¬Å"As regards to musical instruments, he learnt to play the lute, the spinet, the harp, both the traverse and the nine holed flutes, the viola and the sackbut. Ã¢â‚¬ [8] The arts were a huge part of the Renaissa nce, and being able to play all of those instruments is tangible evidence that his knowledge and intelligence is growing in more than one area.The second half of GargantuaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s story is brought back to his homeland. Gargantua travels back and meets a monk named Frere Jean. Frere Jean was not an ordinary monk. Monks during the Middle Ages were seen as spiritually minded men who withdrew themselves from society. Their life consisted of praying, religious exercise and works of charity. Monks were the center of scholasticism, being the only ones who could read and write. Some would isolate and withdraw themselves from society. They felt that society contained too much evil and sin to live in.Because of their isolation, when put in a situation where they needed to defend themselves, they ran away in fear. [9] Yet, when Frere Jean was put in a situation where he was captured by enemy guards and needed to escape, he faced the situation with bravery and, Ã¢â‚¬Å"struck the archer who was holding him on his right, entirely severing the sphagitid arteries in the neck Ã¢â‚¬â€œ his jugular veins Ã¢â‚¬â€œ together with the uvula down to the thyroid glandsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ Ã¢â‚¬ [10] Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. The Histories of Gargantua and Pantagruel. [Harmondsworth, Middlesex]: Penguin, 1955. 226. Print. [2] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (243). [3] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (251). [4] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (252). [5] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (254). [6] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (279). [7] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (279). [8] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (281). [9] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (293). [10] Rabelais, Francois. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Gargantua. Ã¢â‚¬ (339).